<s>
Doxing	B-Application
or	O
doxxing	B-Application
(	O
originally	O
spelled	O
d0xing	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
publicly	O
providing	O
personally	O
identifiable	O
information	O
about	O
an	O
individual	O
or	O
organization	O
,	O
usually	O
via	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
both	O
the	O
aggregation	O
of	O
this	O
information	O
from	O
public	O
databases	O
and	O
social	O
media	O
websites	O
(	O
like	O
Facebook	B-Application
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
publication	O
of	O
previously	O
private	O
information	O
obtained	O
through	O
criminal	O
or	O
otherwise	O
fraudulent	O
means	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
hacking	O
and	O
social	O
engineering	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Doxing	B-Application
may	O
be	O
carried	O
out	O
for	O
reasons	O
such	O
as	O
online	B-Application
shaming	I-Application
,	O
extortion	O
,	O
and	O
vigilante	B-Application
aid	O
to	O
law	O
enforcement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Doxing	B-Application
"	O
is	O
a	O
neologism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Essentially	O
,	O
doxing	B-Application
is	O
revealing	O
and	O
publicizing	O
the	O
records	O
of	O
an	O
individual	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
previously	O
private	O
or	O
difficult	O
to	O
obtain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
doxing	B-Application
often	O
comes	O
with	O
a	O
negative	O
connotation	O
because	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
revenge	O
via	O
the	O
violation	O
of	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Outside	O
of	O
hacker	O
communities	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
prominent	O
examples	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
took	O
place	O
on	O
internet	B-Application
discussion	I-Application
forums	O
on	O
Usenet	B-Application
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
including	O
users	O
circulating	O
lists	O
of	O
suspected	O
neo-Nazis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
documented	O
doxing	B-Application
events	O
was	O
the	O
publication	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
Blacklist	O
of	O
Net.Nazis	O
and	O
Sandlot	O
Bullies	O
"	O
which	O
listed	O
names	O
,	O
email	O
addresses	O
,	O
phone	O
numbers	O
,	O
and	O
mailing	O
addresses	O
of	O
individuals	O
the	O
author	O
objected	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
when	O
then-Gawker	O
reporter	O
Adrian	O
Chen	O
revealed	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
Reddit	B-Application
troll	O
Violentacrez	O
as	O
Michael	O
Brutsch	O
,	O
Reddit	B-Application
users	O
accused	O
Chen	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
Brutsch	O
and	O
declared	O
"	O
war	O
"	O
on	O
Gawker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Caroline	O
Sinders	O
,	O
a	O
research	O
fellow	O
at	O
the	O
Center	O
for	O
Democracy	O
and	O
Technology	O
,	O
said	O
that	O
"	O
Gamergate	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
people	O
,	O
for	O
mainstream	O
culture	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
introduction	O
to	O
what	O
doxxing	B-Application
is	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
The	O
Atlantic	O
,	O
from	O
2014	O
to	O
2020	O
,	O
"	O
the	O
doxxing	B-Application
conversation	O
was	O
dominated	O
by	O
debate	O
around	O
whether	O
unmasking	O
a	O
pseudonymous	O
person	O
with	O
a	O
sizable	O
following	O
was	O
an	O
unnecessary	O
and	O
dangerous	O
invasion	O
of	O
their	O
privacy.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
when	O
Newsweek	O
attempted	O
to	O
search	O
for	O
the	O
pseudonymous	O
developer	O
of	O
Bitcoin	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
magazine	O
was	O
accused	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
by	O
cryptocurrency	O
enthusiasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
when	O
an	O
Italian	O
journalist	O
attempted	O
to	O
search	O
for	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
the	O
pseudonymous	O
Italian	O
novelist	B-Library
Elena	O
Ferrante	O
,	O
the	O
journalist	O
was	O
accused	O
of	O
gendered	O
harassment	O
and	O
Vox	O
referred	O
to	O
the	O
search	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
doxxing	B-Application
of	O
Elena	O
Ferrante.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
when	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
indicated	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
planning	O
on	O
publishing	O
the	O
real	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
California	O
psychiatrist	O
running	O
the	O
Slate	O
Star	O
Codex	O
blog	O
,	O
fans	O
of	O
the	O
blog	O
accused	O
the	O
Times	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Greg	O
Solano	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
founders	O
of	O
the	O
club	O
,	O
claimed	O
that	O
he	O
"	O
Got	O
doxxed	B-Application
against	O
my	O
will	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
19	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
reporter	O
Taylor	O
Lorenz	O
revealed	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
the	O
person	O
behind	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
account	I-Application
Libs	O
of	O
TikTok	O
as	O
Chaya	O
Raichik	O
,	O
who	O
works	O
in	O
real	O
estate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resulted	O
in	O
Raichik	O
and	O
right-wingers	O
accusing	O
Lorenz	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Doxware	O
is	O
a	O
cryptovirology	O
attack	O
invented	O
by	O
Adam	O
Young	O
and	O
further	O
developed	O
with	O
Moti	O
Yung	O
that	O
carries	O
out	O
doxing	B-Application
extortion	O
via	O
malware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
people	O
have	O
been	O
exposed	O
through	O
doxing	B-Application
,	O
they	O
may	O
be	O
targeted	O
for	O
harassment	O
through	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
actual	O
harassment	O
in	O
person	O
,	O
fake	O
signups	O
for	O
mail	O
subscriptions	O
,	O
pizza	O
deliveries	O
,	O
bombarding	O
the	O
address	O
with	O
letters	O
,	O
or	O
through	O
“	O
swatting	O
”	O
—	O
the	O
intentional	O
dispatching	O
of	O
armed	O
police	O
teams	O
(	O
S.W.A.T.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Doxing	B-Application
has	O
also	O
occurred	O
in	O
dating	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
survey	O
conducted	O
in	O
2021	O
,	O
16%	O
of	O
respondents	O
reported	O
suffering	O
doxing	B-Application
because	O
of	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Victims	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
shown	O
their	O
details	O
as	O
proof	O
that	O
they	O
have	O
been	O
doxed	B-Application
as	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
intimidation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Doxing	B-Application
is	O
therefore	O
a	O
standard	O
tactic	O
of	O
online	O
harassment	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
people	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
Gamergate	O
and	O
vaccine	O
controversies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
March	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
Chinese	O
Internet	O
phenomenon	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Human	O
flesh	O
search	O
engine	O
"	O
（人肉搜索）	O
shares	O
much	O
in	O
common	O
with	O
doxing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
dox	O
"	O
entered	O
mainstream	O
public	O
awareness	O
through	O
media	O
attention	O
attracted	O
by	O
Anonymous	O
,	O
the	O
Internet-based	O
group	O
of	O
hacktivists	O
and	O
pranksters	O
who	O
make	O
frequent	O
use	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
related	O
groups	O
like	O
AntiSec	B-Application
and	O
LulzSec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
has	O
described	O
the	O
consequences	O
for	O
innocent	O
people	O
incorrectly	O
accused	O
of	O
wrongdoing	O
and	O
doxed	B-Application
as	O
"	O
nightmarish	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anonymous	O
also	O
hijacked	O
the	O
group	O
's	O
Twitter	B-Application
page	O
,	O
causing	O
Klan	O
members	O
to	O
make	O
veiled	O
threats	O
of	O
violence	O
against	O
members	O
of	O
Anonymous	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
15	O
April	O
2013	O
Boston	O
Marathon	O
bombing	O
,	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantes	I-Application
on	O
Reddit	B-Application
wrongly	O
identified	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
people	O
as	O
suspects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reddit	B-Application
general	O
manager	O
Erik	O
Martin	O
later	O
issued	O
an	O
apology	O
for	O
this	O
behavior	O
,	O
criticizing	O
the	O
"	O
online	O
witch	O
hunts	O
and	O
dangerous	O
speculation	O
"	O
that	O
took	O
place	O
on	O
the	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Journalists	O
with	O
The	O
Journal	O
News	O
of	O
Westchester	O
County	O
,	O
New	O
York	O
were	O
accused	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
gun	O
owners	O
in	O
the	O
region	O
in	O
a	O
story	O
the	O
paper	O
published	O
in	O
December	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newsweek	O
was	O
criticized	O
when	O
writer	O
Leah	O
McGrath	O
Goodman	O
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
revealed	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
the	O
anonymous	O
creator	O
of	O
Bitcoin	B-Protocol
,	O
Satoshi	O
Nakamoto	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
she	O
primarily	O
drew	O
on	O
the	O
public	O
record	O
,	O
users	O
on	O
Reddit	B-Application
responded	O
negatively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Satoshi	O
Nakamoto	O
case	O
brought	O
doxing	B-Application
to	O
greater	O
attention	O
on	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
where	O
users	O
questioned	O
the	O
ethics	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
in	O
journalism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Twitter	B-Application
users	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
practice	O
was	O
seemingly	O
acceptable	O
for	O
professional	O
journalists	O
but	O
wrong	O
for	O
anyone	O
else	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
users	O
discussed	O
the	O
effect	O
the	O
popularization	O
that	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
could	O
have	O
on	O
journalism	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
interest	O
,	O
raising	O
questions	O
over	O
journalism	O
concerning	O
public	O
and	O
private	O
figures	O
in	O
which	O
journalists	O
practicing	O
doxing	B-Application
may	O
blur	O
the	O
line	O
between	O
reporting	O
information	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
's	O
interest	O
and	O
releasing	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
private	O
life	O
of	O
an	O
individual	O
without	O
their	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2019	O
,	O
The	O
Des	O
Moines	O
Register	O
published	O
racist	O
tweets	B-Application
made	O
by	O
a	O
24-year-old	O
Iowa	O
man	O
whose	O
beer	O
sign	O
on	O
ESPN	O
College	O
GameDay	O
resulted	O
in	O
over	O
$1	O
million	O
in	O
contributions	O
to	O
a	O
children	O
's	O
hospital	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2015	O
,	O
former	O
Major	B-Application
League	I-Application
Baseball	I-Application
(	O
MLB	O
)	O
pitcher	O
Curt	O
Schilling	O
used	O
doxing	B-Application
to	O
identify	O
several	O
people	O
responsible	O
for	O
"	O
Twitter	B-Application
troll	O
"	O
posts	O
with	O
obscene	O
,	O
sexually	O
explicit	O
comments	O
about	O
his	O
teenage	O
daughter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2015	O
,	O
Minneapolis	O
city	O
council	O
member	O
Alondra	O
Cano	O
used	O
her	O
Twitter	B-Application
account	I-Application
to	O
publish	O
private	O
cellphone	O
numbers	O
and	O
e-mail	O
addresses	O
of	O
critics	O
who	O
wrote	O
about	O
her	O
involvement	O
in	O
a	O
Black	O
Lives	O
Matter	O
rally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2016	O
,	O
Politico	O
editor	O
Michael	O
Hirsh	O
resigned	O
after	O
publishing	O
the	O
home	O
address	O
of	O
white	O
nationalist	O
Richard	O
B	O
.	O
Spencer	O
on	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
commenters	O
who	O
wrote	O
to	O
the	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
expressed	O
concern	O
about	O
publication	O
of	O
their	O
personal	O
information	O
,	O
with	O
one	O
person	O
writing	O
,	O
"	O
DO	O
NOT	O
RELEASE	O
ANY	O
OF	O
MY	O
VOTER	O
DATA	O
PERIOD.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
defended	O
the	O
personal	O
information	O
publication	O
,	O
noting	O
that	O
everyone	O
was	O
warned	O
that	O
might	O
happen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
former	O
Deputy	O
Secretary	O
of	O
Labor	O
Chris	O
Lu	O
stated	O
that	O
regardless	O
of	O
the	O
legality	O
,	O
the	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
has	O
a	O
moral	O
obligation	O
to	O
protect	O
sensitive	O
data	O
,	O
saying	O
,	O
"	O
Whether	O
or	O
not	O
it	O
's	O
legal	O
to	O
disclose	O
this	O
personal	O
information	O
,	O
it	O
's	O
clearly	O
improper	O
,	O
and	O
no	O
responsible	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
would	O
do	O
this.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
The	O
White	B-Application
House	I-Application
does	O
not	O
appear	O
to	O
have	O
issued	O
any	O
such	O
public	O
guidelines	O
or	O
warnings	O
before	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
emails	O
were	O
sent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
alleged	O
doxing	B-Application
occurred	O
during	O
the	O
hearing	O
of	O
Supreme	O
Court	O
nominee	O
Judge	O
Brett	O
Kavanaugh	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
19	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
The	O
Washington	O
Post	O
published	O
an	O
article	O
written	O
by	O
journalist	O
Taylor	O
Lorenz	O
about	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
account	I-Application
,	O
Libs	O
of	O
TikTok	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lorenz	O
defended	O
this	O
action	O
,	O
arguing	O
that	O
Raichik	O
was	O
“	O
a	O
powerful	O
influencer	O
operating	O
a	O
massively	O
impactful	O
right	O
wing	O
media	O
shaping	O
the	O
discourse	O
around	O
LGBTQ+	O
rights.	O
”	O
In	O
the	O
article	O
,	O
Lorenz	O
referenced	O
Raichik	O
’s	O
previous	O
mention	O
of	O
her	O
Orthodox	O
Jewish	O
faith	O
in	O
her	O
Twitter	B-Application
biography	O
,	O
leading	O
the	O
latter	O
’s	O
supporters	O
to	O
accuse	O
Lorenz	O
of	O
antisemitism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTuber	O
Tim	O
Pool	O
and	O
The	O
Daily	O
Wire	O
CEO	O
Jeremy	O
Boreing	O
purchased	O
a	O
billboard	O
in	O
Times	O
Square	O
to	O
accuse	O
Lorenz	O
of	O
doxxing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Her	O
new	O
location	O
was	O
posted	O
in	O
Kiwi	O
Farms	O
,	O
a	O
forum	B-Application
frequently	O
related	O
to	O
harassment	O
campaigns	O
that	O
included	O
a	O
thread	O
disclosing	O
personal	O
data	O
from	O
her	O
,	O
her	O
family	O
members	O
and	O
her	O
friends	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
sexually	O
explicit	O
content	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
started	O
in	O
March	O
21	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
after	O
what	O
she	O
started	O
to	O
receive	O
prank	O
pizza	O
orders	O
by	O
trolls	O
who	O
used	O
her	O
former	O
name	O
,	O
changed	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
decade	O
before	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
police	O
were	O
also	O
investigating	O
a	O
second	O
doxing	B-Application
attempt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
that	O
,	O
she	O
reported	O
having	O
been	O
doxed	B-Application
again	O
and	O
announced	O
her	O
intention	O
to	O
leave	O
Canada	O
,	O
given	O
the	O
targeted	O
harassment	O
she	O
was	O
receiving	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sorrenti	O
campaigned	O
for	O
online	O
security	O
firm	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
to	O
terminate	O
services	O
for	O
Kiwifarms	O
,	O
citing	O
life-threatening	O
harassment	O
originating	O
in	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2022	O
business	O
magnate	O
and	O
investor	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
also	O
CEO	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
suspended	O
the	O
Twitter	B-Application
accounts	I-Application
of	O
several	O
journalists	O
,	O
whom	O
he	O
accused	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
the	O
location	O
of	O
his	O
private	O
jet	O
,	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
social	O
media	O
account	O
ElonJet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parallel	O
to	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
has	O
been	O
the	O
evolution	O
of	O
cybersecurity	O
,	O
internet	O
privacy	O
,	O
the	O
Online	O
Privacy	O
Alliance	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
companies	O
that	O
provide	O
anti-doxing	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
recently	O
,	O
high	O
profile	O
groups	O
like	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
Berkeley	O
have	O
made	O
online	O
guidance	O
for	O
protecting	O
its	O
community	O
members	O
from	O
doxing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wired	O
published	O
an	O
article	O
on	O
dealing	O
with	O
doxing	B-Application
,	O
in	O
which	O
Eva	O
Galperin	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
Electronic	O
Frontier	O
Foundation	O
,	O
advises	O
people	O
to	O
"	O
Google	O
yourself	O
,	O
lock	O
yourself	O
down	O
,	O
make	O
it	O
harder	O
to	O
access	O
information	O
about	O
you.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
March	O
1	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
People	O
’s	O
Republic	O
of	O
China	O
’s	O
"	O
Regulations	O
on	O
the	O
Ecological	O
Governance	O
of	O
Online	O
Information	O
Content	O
"	O
has	O
been	O
implemented	O
,	O
clarifying	O
that	O
users	O
and	O
producers	O
of	O
online	O
information	O
content	O
services	O
and	O
platforms	O
must	O
not	O
engage	O
in	O
online	O
violence	O
,	O
doxing	B-Application
,	O
deep	O
forgery	O
,	O
data	O
fraud	O
,	O
account	O
manipulation	O
and	O
other	O
illegal	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
criminal	O
offense	O
in	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
to	O
dox	O
,	O
where	O
doxing	B-Application
is	O
defined	O
as	O
releasing	O
private	O
or	O
non-public	O
information	O
on	O
a	O
person	O
for	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
"	O
threatening	O
,	O
intimidation	O
,	O
harassment	O
or	O
to	O
cause	O
psychological	O
harm	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
South	O
Korea	O
stands	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
few	O
countries	O
with	O
a	O
criminal	O
statute	O
that	O
specifically	O
addresses	O
doxing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
practice	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
ambiguous	O
nature	O
of	O
"	O
unlawful	O
collection	O
"	O
of	O
private	O
information	O
in	O
said	O
statute	O
,	O
legal	O
actions	O
are	O
often	O
based	O
upon	O
article	O
44	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
act	O
,	O
which	O
prohibits	O
insulting	O
an	O
individual	O
with	O
language	O
derogatory	O
or	O
profane	O
,	O
and	O
defamation	O
of	O
an	O
individual	O
through	O
the	O
dissemination	O
of	O
either	O
misinformation	O
or	O
privileged	O
factual	O
information	O
that	O
may	O
potentially	O
damage	O
an	O
individual	O
's	O
reputation	O
or	O
honor	O
(	O
which	O
often	O
occurs	O
in	O
a	O
doxing	B-Application
incident	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
increasing	O
doxing	B-Application
incidents	O
targeting	O
Dutch	O
activists	O
,	O
politicians	O
,	O
journalists	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
law	O
against	O
doxing	B-Application
was	O
proposed	O
by	O
then	O
Minister	O
of	O
Justice	O
and	O
Security	O
Ferdinand	O
Grapperhaus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
currently	O
few	O
legal	O
remedies	O
for	O
the	O
victims	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
two	O
federal	O
laws	O
exist	O
that	O
could	O
potentially	O
address	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
:	O
the	O
Interstate	O
Communications	O
Statute	O
and	O
the	O
Interstate	O
Stalking	O
Statute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
one	O
scholar	O
has	O
argued	O
,	O
"[t]hese	O
statutes	O
...	O
are	O
woefully	O
inadequate	O
to	O
prevent	O
doxing	B-Application
because	O
their	O
terms	O
are	O
underinclusive	O
and	O
they	O
are	O
rarely	O
enforced	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
in	O
many	O
instances	O
of	O
doxing	B-Application
,	O
a	O
doxer	B-Application
may	O
never	O
convey	O
an	O
explicit	O
threat	O
to	O
kidnap	O
or	O
injure	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
victim	O
could	O
still	O
have	O
good	O
reason	O
to	O
be	O
terrified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accordingly	O
,	O
"[t]his	O
lack	O
of	O
federal	O
enforcement	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
States	O
must	O
step	O
in	O
if	O
doxing	B-Application
is	O
to	O
be	O
reduced	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
