<s>
In	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
download	B-Application
means	O
to	O
receive	O
data	B-General_Concept
from	O
a	O
remote	O
system	O
,	O
typically	O
a	O
server	B-Application
such	O
as	O
a	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
an	O
FTP	B-Protocol
server	B-Application
,	O
an	O
email	O
server	B-Application
,	O
or	O
other	O
similar	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
contrasts	O
with	O
uploading	B-Application
,	O
where	O
data	B-General_Concept
is	O
sent	O
to	O
a	O
remote	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
download	B-Application
is	O
a	O
file	B-Operating_System
offered	O
for	O
downloading	B-Application
or	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
downloaded	B-Application
,	O
or	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
receiving	O
such	O
a	O
file	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Downloading	B-Application
generally	O
transfers	O
entire	O
files	O
for	O
local	O
storage	O
and	O
later	O
use	O
,	O
as	O
contrasted	O
with	O
streaming	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
nearly	O
immediately	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
transmission	O
is	O
still	O
in	O
progress	O
,	O
and	O
which	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
stored	O
long-term	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Websites	O
that	O
offer	O
streaming	O
media	O
or	O
media	O
displayed	O
in-browser	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
increasingly	O
place	O
restrictions	O
on	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
users	O
to	O
save	O
these	O
materials	O
to	O
their	O
computers	O
after	O
they	O
have	O
been	O
received	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Downloading	B-Application
is	O
not	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
data	B-General_Concept
transfer	O
;	O
moving	O
or	O
copying	O
data	B-General_Concept
between	O
two	O
storage	O
devices	O
would	O
be	O
data	B-General_Concept
transfer	O
,	O
but	O
receiving	O
data	B-General_Concept
from	O
the	O
Internet	O
or	O
BBS	O
is	O
downloading	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Downloading	B-Application
media	O
files	O
involves	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
linking	O
and	O
framing	B-General_Concept
Internet	O
material	O
,	O
and	O
relates	O
to	O
copyright	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Streaming	O
and	O
downloading	B-Application
can	O
involve	O
making	O
copies	O
of	O
works	O
that	O
infringe	O
on	O
copyrights	O
or	O
other	O
rights	O
,	O
and	O
organizations	O
running	O
such	O
websites	O
may	O
become	O
vicariously	O
liable	O
for	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
by	O
causing	O
others	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	O
hosting	O
servers	O
allows	O
people	O
to	O
upload	B-Application
files	I-Application
to	O
a	O
central	O
server	B-Application
,	O
which	O
incurs	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
hard	O
disk	O
space	O
costs	O
due	O
to	O
files	O
generated	O
with	O
each	O
download	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taking	O
legal	O
action	O
against	O
the	O
technologies	O
behind	O
unauthorized	O
"	O
file	B-Operating_System
sharing	O
"	O
has	O
proven	O
successful	O
for	O
centralized	O
networks	O
like	O
Napster	B-Application
,	O
and	O
untenable	O
for	O
decentralized	O
networks	O
like	O
Gnutella	B-Protocol
or	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
leading	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
audio-ripping	O
site	O
agreed	O
to	O
shut	O
down	O
after	O
being	O
sued	O
by	O
a	O
huge	O
coalition	O
of	O
recording	O
labels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Downloading	B-Application
and	O
streaming	O
relates	O
to	O
the	O
more	O
general	O
usage	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
to	O
facilitate	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
software	O
piracy	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
centralized	O
networks	O
)	O
is	O
often	O
quickly	O
and	O
uncontroversially	O
rebuffed	O
,	O
legal	O
issues	O
have	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
tended	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
dynamic	O
web	O
technologies	O
(	O
decentralized	O
networks	O
,	O
trackerless	O
BitTorrents	B-Protocol
)	O
to	O
circumvent	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
copyright	O
owners	O
to	O
directly	O
engage	O
particular	O
distributors	O
and	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
17	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
a	O
Swedish	O
court	O
convicted	O
four	O
men	O
operating	O
The	B-Application
Pirate	I-Application
Bay	I-Application
Internet	O
site	O
of	O
criminal	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Pirate	I-Application
Bay	I-Application
was	O
established	O
in	O
2003	O
by	O
the	O
Swedish	O
anti-copyright	O
organization	O
Piratbyrån	O
to	O
provide	O
information	O
needed	O
to	O
download	B-Application
film	O
or	O
music	O
files	O
from	O
third	O
parties	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
whom	O
copied	O
the	O
files	O
without	O
permission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Pirate	I-Application
Bay	I-Application
does	O
not	O
store	O
copies	O
of	O
the	O
files	O
on	O
its	O
own	O
servers	O
,	O
but	O
did	O
provide	O
peer-to-peer	O
links	O
to	O
other	O
servers	O
on	O
which	O
infringing	O
copies	O
were	O
stored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
U.S.	O
copyright	O
law	O
,	O
this	O
would	O
be	O
a	O
so-called	O
Grokster	B-Protocol
theory	O
of	O
infringement	O
liability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
The	O
defendants	O
have	O
furthered	O
the	O
crimes	O
that	O
the	O
file	B-Operating_System
sharers	O
have	O
committed	O
,	O
"	O
said	O
district	O
court	O
judge	O
Tomas	O
Norstöm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Pirate	I-Application
Bay	I-Application
has	O
25	O
million	O
users	O
and	O
is	O
considered	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
biggest	O
file-sharing	O
websites	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
conceded	O
that	O
The	B-Application
Pirate	I-Application
Bay	I-Application
does	O
not	O
itself	O
make	O
copies	O
or	O
store	O
files	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
court	O
did	O
not	O
consider	O
that	O
fact	O
dispositive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
By	O
providing	O
a	O
website	O
with	O
...	O
well-developed	O
search	O
functions	O
,	O
easy	O
uploading	B-Application
and	O
storage	O
possibilities	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
a	O
tracker	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
website	O
,	O
the	O
accused	O
have	O
incited	O
the	O
crimes	O
that	O
the	O
filesharers	O
have	O
committed	O
,	O
"	O
the	O
court	O
said	O
in	O
a	O
statement	O
.	O
</s>
