<s>
Domain	B-Application
privacy	I-Application
(	O
often	O
called	O
Whois	B-Application
privacy	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
service	O
offered	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
domain	B-Application
name	I-Application
registrars	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
user	O
buys	O
privacy	O
from	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
who	O
in	O
turn	O
replaces	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
information	O
in	O
the	O
WHOIS	B-Protocol
with	O
the	O
information	O
of	O
a	O
forwarding	O
service	O
(	O
for	O
email	O
and	O
sometimes	O
postal	O
mail	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
a	O
proxy	B-Application
server	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
debatable	O
whether	O
or	O
not	O
this	O
practice	O
is	O
at	O
odds	O
with	O
the	O
domain	O
registration	O
requirement	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
for	I-Application
Assigned	I-Application
Names	I-Application
and	I-Application
Numbers	I-Application
(	O
ICANN	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.al	B-Language
:	O
No	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
owner	O
is	O
disclosed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.at	B-General_Concept
,	O
.co.at	B-General_Concept
,	O
.or.at	B-General_Concept
:	O
Since	O
May	O
21	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
contact	O
data	O
(	O
defined	O
as	O
phone	O
number	O
,	O
fax	O
number	O
,	O
e-mail	O
address	O
)	O
is	O
hidden	O
by	O
the	O
registrar	O
and	O
must	O
be	O
explicitly	O
made	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.ca	B-General_Concept
:	O
Since	O
June	O
10	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
Canadian	O
Internet	O
Registration	O
Authority	O
no	O
longer	O
posts	O
registration	O
details	O
of	O
individuals	O
associated	O
with	O
.ca	B-General_Concept
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.de	B-General_Concept
:	O
Since	O
May	O
25	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
German	O
Internet	O
Registration	O
Authority	O
denic	O
put	O
extensive	O
changes	O
into	O
force	O
for	O
the	O
Whois	B-Protocol
Lookup	I-Protocol
Service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.eu	O
:	O
If	O
the	O
registrant	O
is	O
a	O
natural	O
person	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
e-mail	O
address	O
is	O
shown	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
whois	B-Protocol
records	O
unless	O
specified	O
otherwise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.fi	B-General_Concept
:	O
Individual	O
persons	O
 '	O
data	O
is	O
not	O
published	O
(	O
changed	O
in	O
2019	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
for	O
companies	O
,	O
associations	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
data	O
is	O
published	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.fr	B-General_Concept
:	O
By	O
default	O
,	O
individual	O
domain	O
name	O
holders	O
benefit	O
from	O
the	O
restricted	O
publishing	O
of	O
their	O
personal	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
AFNIC	O
public	O
Whois	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
.gr	B-General_Concept
:	O
No	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
owner	O
is	O
disclosed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.is	B-Application
:	O
May	O
hide	O
address	O
and	O
phone	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.nl	B-General_Concept
:	O
Since	O
January	O
12	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
registrant	O
postal	O
addresses	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
publicly	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.uk	B-Application
:	O
Nominet	O
,	O
the	O
guardian	O
of	O
UK	O
domain	O
namespace	O
,	O
provide	O
domain	B-Application
privacy	I-Application
tools	O
on	O
their	O
extensions	O
(	O
.co.uk	O
,	O
.me.uk	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.ro	B-General_Concept
:	O
No	O
information	O
about	O
the	O
owner	O
is	O
disclosed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.us	B-General_Concept
:	O
In	O
March	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Telecommunications	O
and	O
Information	O
Administration	O
(	O
NTIA	O
)	O
said	O
that	O
owners	O
of	O
.us	B-General_Concept
domains	O
will	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
keeping	O
their	O
information	O
private	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
must	O
be	O
made	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.it	B-General_Concept
Italian	O
domain	O
names	O
can	O
not	O
keep	O
information	O
private	O
for	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Internet	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
for	I-Application
Assigned	I-Application
Names	I-Application
and	I-Application
Numbers	I-Application
(	O
ICANN	B-Application
)	O
broadly	O
requires	O
the	O
mailing	O
address	O
,	O
phone	O
number	O
,	O
and	O
e-mail	O
address	O
of	O
those	O
owning	O
or	O
administrating	O
a	O
domain	O
name	O
to	O
be	O
made	O
publicly	O
available	O
through	O
the	O
"	O
WHOIS	B-Protocol
"	O
directories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
ICANN	B-Application
has	O
been	O
working	O
to	O
change	O
WHOIS	B-Protocol
to	O
enable	O
greater	O
privacy	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
consensus	O
among	O
major	O
stakeholders	O
as	O
to	O
what	O
type	O
of	O
change	O
should	O
be	O
made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
offer	O
of	O
private	B-Application
registration	I-Application
from	O
many	O
registrars	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
risk	O
has	O
been	O
mitigated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
"	O
private	B-Application
registration	I-Application
,	O
"	O
the	O
service	O
can	O
be	O
the	O
legal	O
owner	O
of	O
the	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ownership	O
of	O
a	O
domain	O
name	O
is	O
given	O
by	O
the	O
organization	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
owner	O
contact	O
in	O
the	O
domain	O
's	O
WHOIS	B-Protocol
record	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
typically	O
four	O
contact	O
positions	O
in	O
a	O
domain	O
's	O
WHOIS	B-Protocol
record	O
:	O
owner	O
,	O
administrator	O
,	O
billing	O
,	O
and	O
technical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICANN	B-Application
has	O
since	O
remedied	O
that	O
situation	O
by	O
requiring	O
all	O
accredited	O
registrars	O
to	O
maintain	O
their	O
customers	O
 '	O
contact	O
data	O
in	O
escrow	O
.	O
</s>
