<s>
A	O
domain	B-Application
hack	I-Application
is	O
a	O
domain	O
name	O
that	O
suggests	O
a	O
word	O
,	O
phrase	O
,	O
or	O
name	O
when	O
concatenating	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
adjacent	O
levels	O
of	O
that	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
fictitious	O
country-code	B-Application
domains	I-Application
.ds	O
and	O
.le	O
,	O
suggest	O
the	O
words	O
birds	O
and	O
example	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
context	O
,	O
the	O
word	O
hack	O
denotes	O
a	O
clever	O
trick	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
programming	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
not	O
an	O
exploit	O
or	O
break-in	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
security	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domain	B-Application
hacks	I-Application
offer	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
produce	O
short	O
domain	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
them	O
potentially	O
valuable	O
as	O
redirectors	O
,	O
pastebins	O
,	O
base	O
domains	O
from	O
which	O
to	O
delegate	O
subdomains	B-Protocol
and	O
URL	O
shortening	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
several	O
hostnames	B-Protocol
ending	O
in	O
"	O
pla.net	B-Application
 "	O
were	O
active	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
spelling	O
out	O
a	O
phrase	O
with	O
the	O
parts	O
of	O
a	O
hostname	B-Protocol
to	O
form	O
a	O
domain	B-Application
hack	I-Application
became	O
well	O
established	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Delicious	B-Application
would	O
later	O
gain	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
delicio.us	B-Application
domain	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
parked	O
since	O
April	O
24	O
,	O
2002	O
,	O
the	O
day	O
the	O
.us	B-General_Concept
ccTLD	B-Application
(	O
country	B-Application
code	I-Application
top-level	I-Application
domain	I-Application
)	O
was	O
opened	O
to	O
second-level	O
registrations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Who.is	O
is	O
a	O
whois	B-Protocol
lookup	I-Protocol
service	O
,	O
indicating	O
the	O
registered	O
ownership	O
information	O
of	O
a	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
names	O
had	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
parody	O
sites	O
such	O
as	O
oralse.cx	O
or	O
analse.cx	O
;	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
.cz	B-General_Concept
(	O
Czech	O
Republic	O
)	O
or	O
.kz	O
(	O
Kazakhstan	O
)	O
are	O
substituted	O
for	O
.cx	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
domain	B-Application
hack	I-Application
was	O
coined	O
by	O
Matthew	O
Doucette	O
on	O
November	O
3	O
,	O
2004	O
to	O
mean	O
"	O
an	O
unconventional	O
domain	O
name	O
that	O
uses	O
parts	O
other	O
than	O
the	O
SLD	O
(	O
second	B-Protocol
level	I-Protocol
domain	I-Protocol
)	O
or	O
third	B-Protocol
level	I-Protocol
domain	I-Protocol
to	O
create	O
the	O
title	O
of	O
the	O
domain	O
name.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Yahoo	B-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
11	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
name	B-Protocol
servers	I-Protocol
for	O
.me	B-Application
were	O
delegated	O
by	O
IANA	O
to	O
the	O
Government	O
of	O
Montenegro	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
two-year	O
transition	O
period	O
for	O
existing	O
.yu	O
names	O
to	O
be	O
transferred	O
to	O
.me	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
steps	O
taken	O
in	O
deploying	O
.me	B-Application
online	O
was	O
to	O
create	O
.its.me	B-Application
as	O
a	O
domain	O
space	O
for	O
personal	O
sites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
potential	O
domain	B-Application
hacks	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
love.me	O
and	O
buy.me,	O
were	O
held	O
back	O
by	O
the	O
registry	O
as	O
premium	O
names	O
for	O
later	O
auction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
.me	B-Application
domain	B-Application
hack	I-Application
example	O
is	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
15	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
launched	O
its	O
own	O
URL	O
shortener	O
under	O
the	O
domain	O
using	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
of	O
Greenland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
subsequently	O
launched	O
using	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
of	O
Belgium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
Google	B-Application
used	O
the	O
domain	B-Application
hack	I-Application
abc.xyz	O
for	O
their	O
newly	O
launched	O
Alphabet	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Working	O
with	O
Bit.ly,	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
launched	O
an	O
URL	O
shortener	O
in	O
late	O
2009	O
under	O
the	O
domain	O
using	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
of	O
Montserrat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
need	O
to	O
serve	O
shorter	O
URLs	O
for	O
Twitter	B-Application
was	O
cited	O
as	O
a	O
reason	O
for	O
the	O
shortener	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2010	O
,	O
National	O
Public	O
Radio	O
launched	O
its	O
own	O
URL	O
shortener	O
under	O
the	O
domain	O
using	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
of	O
Puerto	O
Rico	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
n.pr	O
domain	O
is	O
currently	O
used	O
to	O
link	O
to	O
an	O
NPR	O
story	O
page	O
by	O
its	O
ID	O
and	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
shortest	O
possible	O
domain	B-Application
hacks	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2010	O
,	O
Apple	O
launched	O
a	O
URL	O
shortener	O
at	O
the	O
domain	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
of	O
Spain	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
similar	O
move	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
goo.gl	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
goo.gl,	O
which	O
was	O
public	O
and	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
any	O
web	O
address	O
,	O
itun.es	O
is	O
used	O
only	O
for	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
Ping	I-Operating_System
URL	O
shortening	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spotify	O
also	O
uses	O
the	O
URL	O
Shortener	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
of	O
Finland	O
,	O
to	O
link	O
to	O
artist	O
,	O
partners	O
,	O
playlists	O
,	O
albums	O
and	O
songs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flickr	O
uses	O
with	O
.kr	O
being	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
of	O
South	O
Korea.	O
,	O
and	O
redirects	O
to	O
Taco	O
Bell	O
’s	O
official	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
cases	O
,	O
registration	O
of	O
these	O
short	O
domain	O
names	O
relies	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
country	B-Application
code	I-Application
top-level	I-Application
domains	I-Application
(	O
ccTLDs	B-Application
)	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
which	O
has	O
a	O
unique	O
two-letter	O
identifier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
.gs	O
(	O
South	O
Georgia	O
and	O
the	O
South	O
Sandwich	O
Islands	O
)	O
to	O
spell	O
"	O
blogs	O
"	O
,	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
.st	O
(	O
São	O
Tomé	O
and	O
Príncipe	O
)	O
to	O
spell	O
"	O
fast	O
"	O
,	O
uses	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
.ne	O
(	O
Niger	O
)	O
to	O
spell	O
"	O
everyone	O
"	O
,	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
.am	B-General_Concept
(	O
Armenia	O
)	O
to	O
spell	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
photo-sharing	O
service	O
"	O
Instagram	B-Application
"	O
,	O
uses	O
ccTLD	B-Application
.us	B-General_Concept
(	O
United	O
States	O
)	O
and	O
sharing	O
it	O
for	O
subdomains	B-Protocol
with	O
free	O
hosting	O
,	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
.ws	O
(	O
West	O
Samoa	O
)	O
to	O
spell	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
Italian	O
newspaper	O
"	O
Citynews	O
"	O
,	O
uses	O
ccTLD	B-Application
.ly	B-General_Concept
(	O
Libya	O
)	O
to	O
spell	O
"	O
telly	O
"	O
(	O
a	O
popular	O
British	O
colloquial	O
term	O
for	O
television	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
of	O
Danbooru-style	O
imageboards	O
that	O
end	O
their	O
name	O
with	O
'	O
-booru	O
'	O
suffix	O
may	O
use	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
.ru	B-General_Concept
(	O
Russia	O
)	O
to	O
spell	O
their	O
own	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
people	O
use	O
domain	B-Application
hacks	I-Application
for	O
their	O
name	O
to	O
serve	O
their	O
personal	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
uses	O
the	O
ccTLD	B-Application
for	O
Italy	O
to	O
write	O
out	O
"	O
help	O
me	O
learn	O
it	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third-level	B-Protocol
domains	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
SLDs	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
from	O
the	O
ccTLDs	B-Application
.us	B-General_Concept
(	O
United	O
States	O
)	O
,	O
.to	B-Protocol
(	O
Tonga	O
)	O
and	O
.it	B-General_Concept
(	O
Italy	O
)	O
to	O
spell	O
"	O
delicious	B-Application
"	O
,	O
"	O
crypto	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
exploit	O
"	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
an	O
entire	O
ccTLD	B-Application
has	O
been	O
re-purposed	O
in	O
its	O
international	O
marketing	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
.am	B-General_Concept
(	O
Armenia	O
)	O
,	O
.fm	B-Protocol
(	O
Federated	O
States	O
of	O
Micronesia	O
)	O
,	O
.cd	O
(	O
Democratic	O
Republic	O
of	O
the	O
Congo	O
)	O
,	O
.dj	O
(	O
Djibouti	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
.tv	B-Protocol
(	O
Tuvalu	O
)	O
for	O
sites	O
delivering	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
audiovisual	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Libya	O
's	O
ccTLD	B-Application
(	O
.ly	B-General_Concept
)	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
English	O
words	O
that	O
end	O
with	O
suffix	O
"	O
ly	O
"	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
sil.ly	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
Libyan	O
registry	O
suspended	O
vb.ly,	O
an	O
adult	O
oriented	O
.ly	B-General_Concept
link	O
shortener	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Germany	O
,	O
Austria	O
,	O
and	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
the	O
domain	O
.ag	O
for	O
Antigua	O
and	O
Barbuda	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
corporations	O
in	O
the	O
legal	O
form	O
of	O
Aktiengesellschaft	O
(	O
commonly	O
abbreviated	O
as	O
AG	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
American	O
Samoa	O
domain	O
.as	B-Library
is	O
popular	O
in	O
countries	O
where	O
AS	O
or	O
A/S	O
(	O
Aktieselskab/Aksjeselskap	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
legal	O
suffix	O
for	O
stock-based	O
corporations	O
in	O
Denmark	O
and	O
Norway	O
,	O
so	O
companies	O
of	O
those	O
countries	O
frequently	O
employ	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
organisations	O
situated	O
in	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
use	O
TLDs	O
to	O
specifically	O
refer	O
to	O
their	O
canton	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Belgian	O
TLD	O
.be	B-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
Canton	O
of	O
Berne	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
Swiss	O
.ch	B-General_Concept
ccTLD	B-Application
is	O
an	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
use	O
case	O
of	O
.ch	B-General_Concept
is	O
for	O
English	O
words	O
that	O
end	O
in	O
ch	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Italy	O
some	O
TLDs	O
are	O
identical	O
to	O
Italian	O
Provinces	O
 '	O
identifier	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
.to	B-Protocol
(	O
Turin	O
)	O
or	O
.tv	B-Protocol
(	O
Treviso	O
)	O
and	O
are	O
thus	O
extensively	O
used	O
for	O
web	O
domains	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Canadian	O
domain	O
.ca	B-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
trivial	O
to	O
use	O
as	O
cá	O
or	O
cà	O
(	O
"	O
here	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
respectively	O
in	O
Portuguese	O
and	O
Neapolitan	O
,	O
or	O
ça	O
(	O
"	O
that	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
French	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
unlike	O
some	O
countries	O
,	O
Canada	O
's	O
.ca	B-General_Concept
registrar	O
requires	O
local	O
Canadian	O
presence	O
to	O
use	O
this	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
French	O
speakers	O
often	O
use	O
the	O
Jersey	O
TLD	O
.je	B-General_Concept
,	O
since	O
"	O
je	O
"	O
means	O
"	O
I	O
"	O
in	O
French	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
.je	B-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
can	O
mean	O
both	O
"	O
you	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
your	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TLD	O
is	O
still	O
used	O
by	O
many	O
Swedish	O
sites	O
,	O
as	O
prior	O
to	O
2003	O
it	O
was	O
impossible	O
for	O
individuals	O
(	O
and	O
difficult	O
for	O
organizations	O
)	O
to	O
register	O
arbitrary	O
domains	O
under	O
the	O
.se	B-General_Concept
TLD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
provide	O
means	O
for	O
another	O
popular	O
domain	B-Application
hack	I-Application
which	O
utilizes	O
the	O
Serbian	O
.RS	B-General_Concept
domain	I-General_Concept
extension	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gabon	O
's	O
.ga	O
domain	O
is	O
free	O
for	O
registration	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
wide	O
adoption	O
of	O
such	O
domain	B-Application
hacks	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Czech	O
,	O
Polish	O
and	O
Slovak	O
,	O
to	O
means	O
"	O
it	O
"	O
,	O
so	O
there	O
are	O
many	O
domains	O
using	O
Tonga	O
's	O
.to	B-Protocol
in	O
the	O
format	O
"	O
do-something.to	O
 "	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
zrobie.to,	O
meaning	O
"	O
I	O
will	O
do	O
it	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
Polish	O
language	O
or	O
meaning	O
"	O
We	O
will	O
move	O
it	O
"	O
as	O
Slovak	O
moving	O
service	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
.si	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
Slovenian	O
ccTLD	B-Application
,	O
domain	B-Application
hacks	I-Application
are	O
abundant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Kurdish	O
,	O
"	O
im	B-General_Concept
"	O
means	O
"	O
I	O
am	O
"	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
's	O
possible	O
to	O
make	O
meaningful	O
domains	O
for	O
personal	O
purposes	O
with	O
the	O
Isle	O
of	O
Man	O
TLD	O
.im	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
rebaz.im	O
would	O
mean	O
"	O
Rêbaz	O
im	B-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
which	O
translates	O
to	O
"	O
I	O
am	O
Rêbaz	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
registries	O
allow	O
Emoji	B-Application
in	O
domains	O
,	O
permitting	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
emoji	B-Protocol
domains	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
browsers	O
display	O
these	O
domains	O
as	O
punycode	B-General_Concept
for	O
security	O
reasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
prominent	O
is	O
.gle	O
,	O
created	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
goo.gle	O
.	O
</s>
