<s>
Domain-specific	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
(	O
DSM	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
methodology	O
for	O
designing	O
and	O
developing	O
systems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
computer	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
involves	O
systematic	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
represent	O
the	O
various	O
facets	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domain-specific	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
languages	I-Language
tend	O
to	O
support	O
higher-level	O
abstractions	B-Application
than	O
general-purpose	B-General_Concept
modeling	I-General_Concept
languages	I-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
they	O
require	O
less	O
effort	O
and	O
fewer	O
low-level	O
details	O
to	O
specify	O
a	O
given	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domain-specific	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
often	O
also	O
includes	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
code	B-Application
generation	I-Application
:	O
automating	B-Application
the	O
creation	O
of	O
executable	O
source	O
code	O
directly	O
from	O
the	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Being	O
free	O
from	O
the	O
manual	O
creation	O
and	O
maintenance	O
of	O
source	O
code	O
means	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
can	O
significantly	O
improve	O
developer	O
productivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
differs	O
from	O
earlier	O
code	B-Application
generation	I-Application
attempts	O
in	O
the	O
CASE	B-Application
tools	O
of	O
the	O
1980s	O
or	O
UML	B-Language
tools	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
for	O
a	O
tool	O
vendor	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
generators	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
more	O
normal	O
for	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
occur	O
within	O
one	O
organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domain-specific	B-Language
languages	I-Language
can	O
usually	O
cover	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
abstraction	B-Application
levels	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
domain-specific	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
mobile	O
phones	O
could	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
specify	O
high-level	O
abstractions	B-Application
for	O
the	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
lower-level	O
abstractions	B-Application
for	O
storing	O
data	O
such	O
as	O
phone	O
numbers	O
or	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
,	O
a	O
domain-specific	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
financial	O
services	O
could	O
permit	O
users	O
to	O
specify	O
high-level	O
abstractions	B-Application
for	O
clients	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
lower-level	O
abstractions	B-Application
for	O
implementing	O
stock	O
and	O
bond	O
trading	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Derived	O
meta-metamodels	O
include	O
entity	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
relationship	I-Architecture
diagrams	I-Architecture
,	O
formal	O
languages	O
,	O
extended	O
Backus	O
–	O
Naur	O
form	O
(	O
EBNF	O
)	O
,	O
ontology	B-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
XML	B-Language
schema	I-Language
,	O
and	O
Meta-Object	B-Application
Facility	I-Application
(	O
MOF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ethos	O
of	O
domain-specific	B-Language
modeling	I-Language
favors	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
language	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
task	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
there	O
are	O
unsurprisingly	O
new	O
languages	O
designed	O
as	O
meta-metamodels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
General-Purpose	B-General_Concept
Modeling	I-General_Concept
languages	I-General_Concept
already	O
have	O
tool	O
support	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
CASE	B-Application
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
languages	O
tend	O
to	O
have	O
too	O
small	O
a	O
market	O
size	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
a	O
bespoke	O
CASE	B-Application
tool	O
from	O
scratch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
most	O
tool	O
support	O
for	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
languages	O
is	O
built	O
based	O
on	O
existing	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
frameworks	O
or	O
through	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
environment	O
may	O
be	O
thought	O
of	O
as	O
a	O
metamodeling	O
tool	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
a	O
modeling	O
tool	O
used	O
to	O
define	O
a	O
modeling	O
tool	O
or	O
CASE	B-Application
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
tool	O
may	O
either	O
work	O
within	O
the	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
environment	O
,	O
or	O
less	O
commonly	O
be	O
produced	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
stand-alone	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
more	O
common	O
case	B-Application
,	O
the	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
environment	O
supports	O
an	O
additional	O
layer	O
of	O
abstraction	B-Application
when	O
compared	O
to	O
a	O
traditional	O
CASE	B-Application
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
a	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
environment	O
can	O
significantly	O
lower	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
obtaining	O
tool	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
since	O
a	O
well-designed	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
environment	O
will	O
automate	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
program	O
parts	O
that	O
are	O
costly	O
to	O
build	O
from	O
scratch	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
domain-specific	O
editors	O
,	O
browsers	O
and	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
domain	O
expert	O
only	O
needs	O
to	O
specify	O
the	O
domain	O
specific	O
constructs	O
and	O
rules	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
environment	O
provides	O
a	O
modeling	O
tool	O
tailored	O
for	O
the	O
target	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
existing	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
takes	O
place	O
with	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
environments	O
,	O
either	O
commercial	O
such	O
as	O
MetaEdit+	B-Application
or	O
Actifsource	B-Language
,	O
open	O
source	O
such	O
as	O
GEMS	B-Language
,	O
or	O
academic	O
such	O
as	O
GME	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increasing	O
popularity	O
of	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
has	O
led	O
to	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
frameworks	O
being	O
added	O
to	O
existing	O
IDEs	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
EMP	O
)	O
with	O
EMF	B-Language
and	O
GMF	B-Language
,	O
or	O
in	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
for	O
Software	B-Application
Factories	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Unified	B-Language
Modeling	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
UML	B-Language
)	O
is	O
a	O
general-purpose	B-General_Concept
modeling	I-General_Concept
language	I-General_Concept
for	O
software-intensive	O
systems	O
that	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
support	O
mostly	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
programming	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
domain-specific	B-Language
language	I-Language
languages	O
,	O
UML	B-Language
is	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
purposes	O
across	O
a	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primitives	O
offered	O
by	O
UML	B-Language
are	O
those	O
of	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
while	O
domain-specific	B-Language
languages	I-Language
offer	O
primitives	O
whose	O
semantics	B-Application
are	O
familiar	O
to	O
all	O
practitioners	O
in	O
that	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UML	B-Language
includes	O
a	O
profile	O
mechanism	O
that	O
allows	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
constrained	O
and	O
customized	O
for	O
specific	O
domains	O
and	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UML	B-Language
profiles	O
use	O
stereotypes	B-Language
,	O
stereotype	B-Language
attributes	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
tagged	O
values	O
before	O
UML	B-Language
2.0	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
constraints	O
to	O
restrict	O
and	O
extend	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
UML	B-Language
to	O
a	O
particular	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perhaps	O
the	O
best	O
known	O
example	O
of	O
customizing	O
UML	B-Language
for	O
a	O
specific	O
domain	O
is	O
SysML	B-Language
,	O
a	O
domain	B-Language
specific	I-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
systems	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UML	B-Language
is	O
a	O
popular	O
choice	O
for	O
various	O
model-driven	B-Language
development	I-Language
approaches	O
whereby	O
technical	O
artifacts	O
such	O
as	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
documentation	O
,	O
tests	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
are	O
generated	O
algorithmically	O
from	O
a	O
domain	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
application	O
profiles	O
of	O
the	O
legal	O
document	O
standard	O
Akoma	O
Ntoso	O
can	O
be	O
developed	O
by	O
representing	O
legal	O
concepts	O
and	O
ontologies	B-Language
in	O
UML	B-Language
class	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
