<s>
Dojo	B-General_Concept
Toolkit	I-General_Concept
(	O
stylized	O
as	O
dōjō	O
toolkit	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	B-Application
modular	O
JavaScript	B-Language
library	I-Language
(	O
or	O
more	O
specifically	O
JavaScript	B-Language
toolkit	O
)	O
designed	O
to	O
ease	O
the	O
rapid	O
development	O
of	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
,	O
JavaScript/Ajax	O
-based	O
applications	O
and	O
web	O
sites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
started	O
by	O
Alex	O
Russell	O
,	O
Dylan	O
Schiemann	O
,	O
David	O
Schontzler	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
in	O
2004	O
and	O
is	O
dual-licensed	B-License
under	O
the	O
modified	B-Operating_System
BSD	I-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
or	O
the	O
Academic	B-License
Free	I-License
License	I-License
( ≥	O
2.1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dojo	B-General_Concept
Foundation	I-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
non-profit	O
organization	O
created	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
toolkit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
foundation	O
merged	O
with	O
jQuery	B-Language
Foundation	O
to	O
become	O
JS	O
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dojo	O
is	O
a	O
JavaScript	B-Language
framework	I-Language
targeting	O
the	O
many	O
needs	O
of	O
large-scale	O
client-side	O
web	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Dojo	O
abstracts	O
the	O
differences	O
among	O
diverse	O
browsers	B-Application
to	O
provide	O
APIs	O
that	O
will	O
work	O
on	O
all	O
of	O
them	O
(	O
it	O
can	O
even	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
under	O
Node.js	B-Language
)	O
;	O
it	O
establishes	O
a	O
framework	O
for	O
defining	O
modules	O
of	O
code	O
and	O
managing	O
their	O
interdependencies	O
;	O
it	O
provides	O
build	O
tools	O
for	O
optimizing	O
JavaScript	B-Language
and	O
CSS	B-Language
,	O
generating	O
documentation	O
,	O
and	O
unit	O
testing	O
;	O
it	O
supports	O
internationalization	B-General_Concept
,	I-General_Concept
localization	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
accessibility	O
;	O
and	O
it	O
provides	O
a	O
rich	O
suite	O
of	O
commonly	O
needed	O
utility	O
classes	O
and	O
user-interface	O
widgets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dojo	O
is	O
completely	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
toolkit	O
includes	O
about	O
three	O
thousand	O
JavaScript	B-Language
modules	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
images	O
and	O
other	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dojo	B-General_Concept
Toolkit	I-General_Concept
is	O
organized	O
in	O
several	O
parts	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
dijit	O
is	O
a	O
library	B-Library
of	O
user-interface	O
modules	O
for	O
widgets	O
and	O
layout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dojo	O
widgets	O
are	O
components	O
—	O
comprising	O
JavaScript	B-Language
code	O
,	O
HTML	B-Language
markup	O
,	O
and	O
CSS	B-Language
style	I-Language
declarations	O
—	O
that	O
provide	O
multi-browser	O
(	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
cross-browser	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
interactive	O
features	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
important	O
feature	O
of	O
Ajax	B-General_Concept
applications	O
is	O
asynchronous	O
communication	O
of	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
with	O
the	O
server	O
:	O
information	O
is	O
exchanged	O
and	O
the	O
page	O
's	O
presentation	O
is	O
updated	O
without	O
a	O
need	O
for	O
reloading	O
the	O
whole	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
done	O
with	O
the	O
JavaScript	B-Language
object	O
XMLHttpRequest	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dojo	O
provides	O
an	O
abstracted	O
wrapper	O
(	O
dojo.xhr	O
)	O
around	O
various	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
 '	O
implementations	O
of	O
XMLHttpRequest	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
dojo.io	O
also	O
supports	O
other	O
transports	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
hidden	O
IFrames	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
data	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
this	O
approach	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
easy	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
data	O
a	O
user	O
enters	O
into	O
a	O
form	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
server	O
"	O
behind	O
the	O
scenes	O
"	O
;	O
the	O
server	O
can	O
then	O
reply	O
with	O
some	O
JavaScript	B-Language
code	O
that	O
updates	O
the	O
presentation	O
of	O
the	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
initialization	O
of	O
the	O
root	O
namespace	O
,	O
any	O
Dojo	O
package	O
can	O
be	O
loaded	O
(	O
via	O
XMLHttpRequest	B-Protocol
or	O
other	O
similar	O
transport	O
)	O
by	O
using	O
utility	O
functions	O
supplied	O
in	O
the	O
bootstrap	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workarounds	B-Application
for	O
cross-domain	O
loading	O
of	O
most	O
Dojo	O
packages	O
are	O
provided	O
(	O
though	O
this	O
requires	O
a	O
specialized	O
build	O
of	O
Dojo	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dojo	O
also	O
provides	O
a	O
mechanism	O
for	O
building	O
"	O
profiles	O
"	O
;	O
the	O
build	O
system	O
takes	O
as	O
input	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
packages	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
Rhino	B-Language
to	O
create	O
a	O
single	O
compressed	O
JavaScript	B-Language
file	O
containing	O
those	O
packages	O
and	O
all	O
their	O
dependencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
all	O
necessary	O
code	O
to	O
be	O
loaded	O
and	O
initialized	O
at	O
once	O
,	O
and	O
permits	O
caching	B-Protocol
of	O
the	O
code	O
(	O
most	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
do	O
not	O
cache	O
files	O
loaded	O
via	O
XMLHttpRequest	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
providing	O
support	O
functions	O
for	O
reading	O
and	O
writing	O
cookies	B-Application
,	O
Dojo	O
formerly	O
supported	O
a	O
local	O
,	O
client-side	O
storage	O
abstraction	O
named	O
Dojo	O
Storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
works	O
across	O
existing	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
including	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
,	O
Firefox	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Safari	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firefox	B-Application
2	O
uses	O
native	O
browser	B-Application
persistence	O
;	O
on	O
other	O
browsers	B-Application
,	O
it	O
uses	O
a	O
hidden	O
Flash	B-Operating_System
applet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
web	O
application	O
loaded	O
from	O
the	O
file	O
system	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
from	O
a	O
file://	O
URL	O
,	O
Dojo	O
Storage	O
will	O
transparently	O
use	O
XPCOM	B-Application
on	O
Firefox	B-Application
and	O
ActiveX	B-Application
on	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
to	O
persist	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
programmer	O
using	O
Dojo	O
Storage	O
is	O
abstracted	O
from	O
the	O
storage	O
mechanism	O
used	O
and	O
is	O
presented	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
hash	B-Algorithm
table	I-Algorithm
abstraction	O
,	O
with	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
put( )	O
and	O
get( )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
January	O
2007	O
,	O
Dojo	O
includes	O
the	O
following	O
example	O
server-side	B-Application
datastore	O
implementations	O
in	O
the	O
dojo.data	O
namespace	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
YahooStore	O
:	O
a	O
read-only	O
store	O
that	O
fetches	O
search	O
results	O
from	O
the	O
Yahoo	B-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
RdfStore	O
:	O
a	O
read-write	O
store	O
that	O
uses	O
SPARQL	B-Language
to	O
talk	O
to	O
RDF	O
data	O
servers	O
including	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Rhizome	O
RDF	O
application	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dojo	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
JavaScript-based	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
AIR	I-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SitePen	O
,	O
a	O
Dojo	O
consulting	O
company	O
,	O
has	O
made	O
an	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
AIR	I-Operating_System
application	O
called	O
"	O
Dojo	O
Toolbox	O
"	O
using	O
Dojo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Normally	O
,	O
the	O
build	O
system	O
is	O
run	O
from	O
within	O
Rhino	B-Language
,	O
but	O
in	O
this	O
AIR	O
application	O
the	O
build	O
system	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
from	O
AIR	O
,	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Java	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
required	O
extra	O
work	O
to	O
load	O
Dojo	O
across	O
domains	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
from	O
a	O
CDN	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Addressing	O
these	O
problems	O
was	O
the	O
major	O
goal	O
of	O
Dojo	O
1.7	O
,	O
which	O
introduced	O
asynchronous	B-Language
module	I-Language
definition	I-Language
(	O
AMD	B-Language
)	O
and	O
a	O
"	O
nano	O
"	O
loader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recognizing	O
this	O
,	O
the	O
developers	O
made	O
huge	O
improvements	O
in	O
the	O
documentation	O
for	O
the	O
1.8	O
release	O
,	O
including	O
new	O
tutorials	O
,	O
an	O
API	O
browser	B-Application
,	O
filling	O
in	O
the	O
missing	O
pieces	O
,	O
and	O
updating	O
most	O
examples	O
to	O
AMD	B-Language
style	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
these	O
predate	O
AMD	B-Language
support	O
and	O
its	O
accompanying	O
reorganization	O
,	O
examples	O
in	O
these	O
books	O
almost	O
invariably	O
rely	O
on	O
things	O
that	O
are	O
now	O
deprecated	O
and	O
no	O
longer	O
best	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
have	O
commented	O
that	O
Dojo	O
seems	O
difficult	O
to	O
learn	O
and	O
get	O
started	O
with	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
comparison	O
with	O
the	O
more	O
popular	O
jQuery	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
move	O
to	O
AMD	B-Language
in	O
recent	O
versions	O
has	O
been	O
similarly	O
problematic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dojo	O
2.0	O
release	O
removed	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
deprecated	O
API	O
and	O
switched	O
from	O
JavaScript	B-Language
to	O
TypeScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dojo	B-General_Concept
Foundation	I-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
501(c )	O
(	O
6	O
)	O
non-profit	O
organization	O
founded	O
in	O
2005	O
to	O
help	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dojo	B-General_Concept
Foundation	I-General_Concept
also	O
helps	O
the	O
following	O
projects	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
Dojo	B-General_Concept
Toolkit	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
Zend	O
Technologies	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
behind	O
the	O
PHP	B-Application
core	O
,	O
announced	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
Dojo	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
incorporating	O
the	O
toolkit	O
into	O
the	O
Zend	B-Language
Framework	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
Dojo	B-General_Concept
Foundation	I-General_Concept
merged	O
with	O
jQuery	B-Language
Foundation	O
to	O
become	O
JS	O
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
