<s>
Document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
field	O
of	O
research	O
and	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
production	O
processes	O
aimed	O
at	O
making	O
an	O
analog	O
document	O
digital	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
does	O
not	O
simply	O
aim	O
to	O
photograph	O
or	O
scan	B-Application
a	O
document	O
to	O
obtain	O
a	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
also	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
digitally	O
intelligible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
extracting	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
document	O
or	O
the	O
layout	B-Algorithm
and	O
then	O
the	O
content	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
take	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
text	O
or	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
can	O
involve	O
traditional	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
algorithms	O
,	O
convolutional	O
neural	O
networks	O
or	O
manual	O
labor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
problems	O
addressed	O
are	O
related	O
to	O
semantic	B-Algorithm
segmentation	I-Algorithm
,	O
object	B-General_Concept
detection	I-General_Concept
,	O
optical	B-Application
character	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
OCR	O
)	O
,	O
handwritten	B-Application
text	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
HTR	O
)	O
and	O
,	O
more	O
broadly	O
,	O
transcription	O
,	O
whether	O
automatic	B-Application
or	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
can	O
also	O
include	O
the	O
phase	O
of	O
digitizing	O
the	O
document	O
using	O
a	O
scanner	O
and	O
the	O
phase	O
of	O
interpreting	O
the	O
document	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
using	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
(	O
NLP	B-Language
)	O
or	O
image	O
classification	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
was	O
initially	O
as	O
is	O
still	O
to	O
some	O
extent	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
production	O
line	O
work	O
dealing	O
with	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
documents	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
letters	O
and	O
parcels	O
,	O
in	O
an	O
aim	O
of	O
sorting	O
,	O
extracting	O
or	O
massively	O
extracting	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
can	O
indeed	O
involve	O
some	O
kind	O
of	O
externalized	O
manual	O
labor	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
mechanical	O
Turk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
manual	O
document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
as	O
relatively	O
recent	O
as	O
2007	O
,	O
document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
for	O
"	O
millions	O
of	O
visa	O
and	O
citizenship	O
applications	O
"	O
was	O
about	O
use	O
of	O
"	O
approximately	O
1,000	O
contract	O
workers	O
"	O
working	O
to	O
"	O
manage	O
mail	O
room	O
and	O
data	O
entry.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
involved	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	I-General_Concept
via	O
keyboard	O
well	O
before	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
or	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
scanner	I-Application
,	O
a	O
1990	O
article	O
in	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
regarding	O
what	O
it	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
paperless	O
office	O
"	O
stated	O
that	O
"	O
document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
begins	O
with	O
the	O
scanner	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
advanced	O
,	O
document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
transitioned	O
to	O
handling	O
"	O
document	O
components	O
...	O
as	O
database	O
entities.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
technology	O
called	O
automatic	B-Algorithm
document	I-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
or	O
sometimes	O
intelligent	B-Algorithm
document	I-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
(	O
ID	O
)	O
emerged	O
as	O
a	O
specific	O
form	O
of	O
Intelligent	O
Process	O
Automation	B-Application
(	O
IPA	O
)	O
,	O
combining	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Machine	O
Learning	O
(	O
ML	O
)	O
,	O
Natural	B-Language
Language	I-Language
Processing	I-Language
(	O
NLP	B-Language
)	O
or	O
Intelligent	B-Application
Character	I-Application
Recognition	I-Application
(	O
ICE	O
)	O
to	O
extract	O
data	O
from	O
several	O
types	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automatic	B-Algorithm
document	I-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
applies	O
to	O
a	O
whole	O
range	O
of	O
documents	O
,	O
whether	O
structured	O
or	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Financial	O
institutions	O
use	O
intelligent	B-Algorithm
document	I-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
to	O
process	O
high	O
volumes	O
of	O
forms	O
such	O
as	O
regulatory	O
forms	O
or	O
loan	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ID	O
uses	O
AI	B-Application
to	O
extract	O
and	O
classify	O
data	O
from	O
documents	O
,	O
replacing	O
manual	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
medicine	O
,	O
document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
methods	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
facilitate	O
patient	O
follow-up	O
and	O
streamline	O
administrative	O
procedures	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
by	O
digitizing	O
medical	O
or	O
laboratory	O
analysis	O
reports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
humanities	O
and	O
digital	O
humanities	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
extract	O
historical	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
from	O
archives	O
or	O
heritage	O
collections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
1980s	O
onward	O
,	O
traditional	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
algorithms	O
were	O
widely	O
used	O
to	O
solve	O
document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
problems	O
,	O
these	O
have	O
been	O
gradually	O
replaced	O
by	O
neural	O
network	O
technologies	O
in	O
the	O
2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
traditional	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
technologies	O
are	O
still	O
used	O
,	O
sometimes	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
neural	O
networks	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
sectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
technologies	O
support	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
,	O
in	O
particular	O
optical	B-Application
character	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
OCR	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
handwritten	B-Application
text	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
HTR	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
allow	O
the	O
text	O
to	O
be	O
transcribed	O
automatically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Text	O
segments	O
as	O
such	O
are	O
identified	O
using	O
instance	O
or	O
object	B-General_Concept
detection	I-General_Concept
algorithms	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
sometimes	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
document	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resolution	O
of	O
the	O
latter	O
problem	O
sometimes	O
also	O
uses	O
semantic	B-Algorithm
segmentation	I-Algorithm
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
technologies	O
often	O
form	O
the	O
core	O
of	O
document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digitization	O
of	O
3D	O
documents	O
can	O
in	O
particular	O
resort	O
to	O
derivatives	O
of	O
photogrammetry	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
document	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
also	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
digital	O
encoding	O
of	O
the	O
documents	O
in	O
a	O
suitable	O
file	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
textual	O
documents	O
,	O
the	O
interpretation	O
can	O
use	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
(	O
NLP	B-Language
)	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
