<s>
Distributed	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	I-General_Concept
also	O
known	O
as	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
production	I-General_Concept
,	O
cloud	O
producing	O
,	O
distributed	O
digital	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
and	O
local	O
manufacturing	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
decentralized	O
manufacturing	O
practiced	O
by	O
enterprises	O
using	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
geographically	O
dispersed	O
manufacturing	O
facilities	O
that	O
are	O
coordinated	O
using	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
enterprise	O
environments	O
,	O
the	O
primary	O
attribute	O
of	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
value	O
at	O
geographically	O
dispersed	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturing	O
components	O
in	O
different	O
physical	O
locations	O
and	O
then	O
managing	O
the	O
supply	O
chain	O
to	O
bring	O
them	O
together	O
for	O
final	O
assembly	O
of	O
a	O
product	O
is	O
also	O
considered	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
networks	O
combined	O
with	O
additive	O
manufacturing	O
allow	O
companies	O
a	O
decentralized	O
and	O
geographically	O
independent	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
production	I-General_Concept
(	O
cloud	O
manufacturing	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
maker	O
movement	O
and	O
DIY	O
culture	O
,	O
small	O
scale	O
production	O
by	O
consumers	O
often	O
using	O
peer-to-peer	O
resources	O
is	O
being	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
most	O
distributed	O
form	O
of	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	I-General_Concept
the	O
consumer	O
becomes	O
a	O
prosumer	O
and	O
manufacturers	O
products	O
at	O
home	O
with	O
an	O
open-source	O
3-D	O
printer	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
RepRap	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
2017	O
case	O
studies	O
probed	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
:	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
six	O
common	O
complex	O
toys	O
;	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
Lego	B-Language
blocks	I-Language
;	O
and	O
(	O
3	O
)	O
the	O
customizability	O
of	O
open	O
source	O
board	O
games	O
and	O
found	O
that	O
all	O
filaments	O
analyzed	O
saved	O
the	O
prosumer	O
over	O
75%	O
of	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
commercially	O
available	O
true	O
alternative	O
toys	O
and	O
over	O
90%	O
for	O
recyclebot	O
filament	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
call	O
attention	O
to	O
the	O
conjunction	O
of	O
commons-based	O
peer	O
production	O
with	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	I-General_Concept
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
might	O
be	O
maintained	O
that	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
industrial	O
paradigm	O
whose	O
competitive	O
dynamics	O
were	O
about	O
economies	O
of	O
scale	O
,	O
commons-based	O
peer	O
production	O
and	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	I-General_Concept
could	O
develop	O
economies	O
of	O
scope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
following	O
Neil	O
Gershenfeld	O
in	O
that	O
“	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
least	O
developed	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
need	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
advanced	O
technologies	O
”	O
,	O
commons-based	O
peer	O
production	O
and	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	I-General_Concept
may	O
offer	O
the	O
necessary	O
tools	O
for	O
thinking	O
globally	O
but	O
act	O
locally	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
certain	O
problems	O
and	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
humanitarian	O
and	O
development	O
sector	O
are	O
becoming	O
increasingly	O
interested	O
in	O
how	O
distributed	B-General_Concept
manufacturing	I-General_Concept
can	O
overcome	O
the	O
supply	O
chain	O
challenges	O
of	O
last	O
mile	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
