<s>
The	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
or	O
display	O
modes	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
,	O
computer	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
or	O
display	B-Device
device	I-Device
is	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
distinct	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
each	O
dimension	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
displayed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
an	O
ambiguous	O
term	O
especially	O
as	O
the	O
displayed	O
resolution	O
is	O
controlled	O
by	O
different	O
factors	O
in	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tube	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
displays	O
,	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
(	O
including	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
displays	I-Device
)	O
and	O
projection	O
displays	O
using	O
fixed	O
picture-element	O
(	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
)	O
arrays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
usually	O
quoted	O
as	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
units	O
in	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
:	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
means	O
the	O
width	O
is	O
1024	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
height	O
is	O
768	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
applies	O
to	O
fixed-pixel-array	O
displays	O
such	O
as	O
plasma	O
display	O
panels	O
(	O
PDP	O
)	O
,	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
displays	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Digital	B-General_Concept
Light	I-General_Concept
Processing	I-General_Concept
(	O
DLP	O
)	O
projectors	O
,	O
OLED	B-Algorithm
displays	O
,	O
and	O
similar	O
technologies	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
simply	O
the	O
physical	O
number	O
of	O
columns	O
and	O
rows	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
creating	O
the	O
display	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
device	B-Device
displays	I-Device
such	O
as	O
phones	O
,	O
tablets	O
,	O
monitors	O
and	O
televisions	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
as	O
defined	O
above	O
is	O
a	O
misnomer	O
,	O
though	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
is	O
usually	O
used	O
to	O
mean	O
pixel	B-General_Concept
dimensions	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
maximum	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
each	O
dimension	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
which	O
does	O
not	O
tell	O
anything	O
about	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
density	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
display	O
on	O
which	O
the	O
image	O
is	O
actually	O
formed	O
:	O
resolution	O
properly	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
density	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
per	O
unit	O
distance	O
or	O
area	O
,	O
not	O
the	O
total	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
digital	O
measurement	O
,	O
the	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
would	O
be	O
given	O
in	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
per	I-Algorithm
inch	I-Algorithm
(	O
PPI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
commentators	O
also	O
use	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
to	O
indicate	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
input	O
formats	O
that	O
the	O
display	O
's	O
input	O
electronics	O
will	O
accept	O
and	O
often	O
include	O
formats	O
greater	O
than	O
the	O
screen	O
's	O
native	O
grid	O
size	O
even	O
though	O
they	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
down-scaled	O
to	O
match	O
the	O
screen	O
's	O
parameters	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
accepting	O
a	O
input	O
on	O
a	O
display	O
with	O
a	O
native	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
array	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
television	O
inputs	O
,	O
many	O
manufacturers	O
will	O
take	O
the	O
input	O
and	O
zoom	O
it	O
out	O
to	O
"	O
overscan	O
"	O
the	O
display	O
by	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
5%	O
so	O
input	O
resolution	O
is	O
not	O
necessarily	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
eye	O
's	O
perception	O
of	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
affected	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
factors	O
see	O
image	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
and	O
optical	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
screen	O
's	O
physical	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
and	O
the	O
individual	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
 '	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
may	O
not	O
necessarily	O
be	O
the	O
same	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
array	O
of	O
on	O
a	O
16:9	O
display	O
has	O
square	B-Device
pixels	I-Device
,	O
but	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
on	O
a	O
16:9	O
display	O
has	O
oblong	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
shape	O
affecting	O
"	O
resolution	O
"	O
or	O
perceived	O
sharpness	O
:	O
displaying	O
more	O
information	O
in	O
a	O
smaller	O
area	O
using	O
a	O
higher	O
resolution	O
makes	O
the	O
image	O
much	O
clearer	O
or	O
"	O
sharper	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
most	O
recent	O
screen	O
technologies	O
are	O
fixed	O
at	O
a	O
certain	O
resolution	O
;	O
making	O
the	O
resolution	O
lower	O
on	O
these	O
kinds	O
of	O
screens	O
will	O
greatly	O
decrease	O
sharpness	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
interpolation	O
process	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
"	O
fix	O
"	O
the	O
non-native	O
resolution	O
input	O
into	O
the	O
display	O
's	O
native	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
some	O
CRT-based	O
displays	O
may	O
use	O
digital	O
video	O
processing	O
that	O
involves	O
image	B-Algorithm
scaling	I-Algorithm
using	O
memory	O
arrays	O
,	O
ultimately	O
"	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
"	O
in	O
CRT-type	O
displays	O
is	O
affected	O
by	O
different	O
parameters	O
such	O
as	O
spot	O
size	O
and	O
focus	O
,	O
astigmatic	O
effects	O
in	O
the	O
display	O
corners	O
,	O
the	O
color	O
phosphor	O
pitch	O
shadow	B-General_Concept
mask	I-General_Concept
(	O
such	O
as	O
Trinitron	O
)	O
in	O
color	B-Device
displays	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
video	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
television	O
display	O
manufacturers	O
"	O
overscan	O
"	O
the	O
pictures	O
on	O
their	O
displays	O
(	O
CRTs	O
and	O
PDPs	O
,	O
LCDs	B-Device
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
invisible	O
area	O
somewhat	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
display	B-Device
device	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Device
displays	I-Device
including	O
projectors	O
generally	O
do	O
not	O
overscan	O
although	O
many	O
models	O
(	O
particularly	O
CRT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
)	O
allow	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CRT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
tend	O
to	O
be	O
underscanned	O
in	O
stock	O
configurations	O
,	O
to	O
compensate	O
for	O
the	O
increasing	O
distortions	O
at	O
the	O
corners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interlaced	O
video	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
interlaced	O
scan	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
technique	O
for	O
doubling	O
the	O
perceived	O
frame	O
rate	O
of	O
a	O
video	O
display	O
without	O
consuming	O
extra	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
enhances	O
motion	O
perception	O
to	O
the	O
viewer	O
,	O
and	O
reduces	O
flicker	B-General_Concept
by	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
phi	O
phenomenon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
still	O
included	O
in	O
digital	O
video	O
transmission	O
formats	O
such	O
as	O
DV	O
,	O
DVB	B-Application
,	O
and	O
ATSC	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
video	O
compression	O
standards	O
like	O
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
are	O
optimized	O
for	O
progressive	B-Device
scan	I-Device
video	O
,	O
but	O
sometimes	O
do	O
support	O
interlaced	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Progressive	B-Device
scanning	I-Device
(	O
alternatively	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
noninterlaced	O
scanning	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
format	O
of	O
displaying	O
,	O
storing	O
,	O
or	O
transmitting	O
moving	O
images	O
in	O
which	O
all	O
the	O
lines	O
of	O
each	O
frame	O
are	O
drawn	O
in	O
sequence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
(	O
SDTV	B-Device
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
High-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
(	O
HDTV	B-Device
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Ultra-high-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
(	O
UHDTV	B-Device
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
have	O
traditionally	O
possessed	O
higher	O
resolutions	O
than	O
most	O
televisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
personal	O
computers	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
and	O
the	O
1980s	O
were	O
designed	O
to	O
use	O
television	O
receivers	O
as	O
their	O
display	B-Device
devices	I-Device
,	O
making	O
the	O
resolutions	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
television	O
standards	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
including	O
PAL	B-Language
and	O
NTSC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Picture	O
sizes	O
were	O
usually	O
limited	O
to	O
ensure	O
the	O
visibility	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
major	O
television	O
standards	O
and	O
the	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
television	O
sets	O
with	O
varying	O
amounts	O
of	O
over	O
scan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
IBM	O
PC	O
world	O
,	O
these	O
resolutions	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
16-color	O
EGA	B-Device
video	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
drawbacks	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
classic	O
television	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
computer	B-Device
display	I-Device
resolution	O
is	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
television	O
could	O
decode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chroma	O
resolution	O
for	O
NTSC/PAL	O
televisions	O
are	O
bandwidth-limited	O
to	O
a	O
maximum	O
1.5MHz	O
,	O
or	O
approximately	O
160	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
wide	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
blurring	O
of	O
the	O
color	O
for	O
320	O
-	O
or	O
640-wide	O
signals	O
,	O
and	O
made	O
text	O
difficult	O
to	O
read	O
(	O
see	O
example	O
image	O
below	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
users	O
upgraded	O
to	O
higher-quality	O
televisions	O
with	O
S-Video	O
or	O
RGBI	B-Device
inputs	O
that	O
helped	O
eliminate	O
chroma	O
blur	O
and	O
produce	O
more	O
legible	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
,	O
lowest	O
cost	O
solution	O
to	O
the	O
chroma	O
problem	O
was	O
offered	O
in	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
Video	B-General_Concept
Computer	I-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
Apple	O
II+	O
,	O
both	O
of	O
which	O
offered	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
disable	O
the	O
color	O
and	O
view	O
a	O
legacy	O
black-and-white	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
Commodore	O
64	O
,	O
the	O
GEOS	B-Device
mirrored	O
the	O
Mac	O
OS	O
method	O
of	O
using	O
black-and-white	O
to	O
improve	O
readability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resolution	O
(	O
with	O
borders	O
disabled	O
)	O
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
by	O
home	O
computers	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Commodore	B-Device
Amiga	I-Device
and	O
,	O
later	O
,	O
Atari	O
Falcon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Final	B-Application
Fantasy	I-Application
XII	I-Application
suffers	O
from	O
flicker	B-General_Concept
when	O
the	O
filter	O
is	O
turned	O
off	O
,	O
but	O
stabilizes	O
once	O
filtering	O
is	O
restored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advantage	O
of	O
a	O
overscanned	O
computer	O
was	O
an	O
easy	O
interface	O
with	O
interlaced	O
TV	O
production	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Newtek	O
's	O
Video	B-Device
Toaster	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
device	O
allowed	O
Amigas	B-Device
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
CGI	O
creation	O
in	O
various	O
news	O
departments	O
(	O
example	O
:	O
weather	O
overlays	O
)	O
,	O
drama	O
programs	O
such	O
as	O
NBC	O
's	O
seaQuest	B-Application
and	O
The	O
WB	O
's	O
Babylon	O
5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
PC	O
world	O
,	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PS/2	I-Device
VGA	O
(	O
multi-color	O
)	O
on-board	O
graphics	O
chips	O
used	O
a	O
non-interlaced	B-Device
(	O
progressive	O
)	O
640	O
×	O
480	O
×	O
16	O
color	O
resolution	O
that	O
was	O
easier	O
to	O
read	O
and	O
thus	O
more	O
useful	O
for	O
office	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
XP	I-Application
,	O
released	O
in	O
2001	O
,	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
at	O
minimum	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
select	O
the	O
original	O
in	O
the	O
Advanced	O
Settings	O
window	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
emulators	O
,	O
at	O
higher	O
resolutions	O
,	O
can	O
even	O
mimic	O
the	O
aperture	O
grille	O
and	O
shadow	B-General_Concept
masks	I-General_Concept
of	O
CRT	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
eXtended	B-Device
Graphics	I-Device
Array	I-Device
was	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
availability	O
of	O
inexpensive	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
made	O
the	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
resolution	O
of	O
more	O
popular	O
for	O
desktop	O
usage	O
during	O
the	O
first	O
decade	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
computer	O
users	O
including	O
CAD	B-Application
users	O
,	O
graphic	O
artists	O
and	O
video	O
game	O
players	O
ran	O
their	O
computers	O
at	O
resolution	O
(	O
UXGA	O
)	O
or	O
higher	O
such	O
as	O
QXGA	O
if	O
they	O
had	O
the	O
necessary	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
more-than-HD	O
resolution	O
of	O
WQXGA	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
30-inch	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
27-inch	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
with	O
the	O
resolution	O
were	O
released	O
by	O
multiple	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
Apple	O
introduced	O
a	O
display	O
on	O
the	O
MacBook	O
Pro	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Panels	O
for	O
professional	O
environments	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
medical	O
use	O
and	O
air	O
traffic	O
control	O
,	O
support	O
resolutions	O
up	O
to	O
(	O
or	O
,	O
more	O
relevant	O
for	O
control	O
rooms	O
,	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
table	O
lists	O
the	O
usage	O
share	O
of	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolutions	I-General_Concept
from	O
two	O
sources	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
June	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
the	O
16:9	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
has	O
become	O
more	O
common	O
in	O
notebook	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
display	I-Device
resolution	O
is	O
set	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
physical	O
screen	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
(	O
native	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
some	O
video	O
drivers	O
make	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
screen	I-Application
scrollable	O
over	O
the	O
physical	O
screen	O
thus	O
realizing	O
a	O
two	O
dimensional	O
virtual	B-Application
desktop	I-Application
with	O
its	O
viewport	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
LCD	B-Device
manufacturers	O
do	O
make	O
note	O
of	O
the	O
panel	O
's	O
native	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
as	O
working	O
in	O
a	O
non-native	O
resolution	O
on	O
LCDs	B-Device
will	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
poorer	O
image	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
dropping	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
to	O
make	O
the	O
image	O
fit	O
(	O
when	O
using	O
DVI	O
)	O
or	O
insufficient	O
sampling	O
of	O
the	O
analog	O
signal	O
(	O
when	O
using	O
VGA	O
connector	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Few	O
CRT	O
manufacturers	O
will	O
quote	O
the	O
true	O
native	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
,	O
because	O
CRTs	O
are	O
analog	O
in	O
nature	O
and	O
can	O
vary	O
their	O
display	O
from	O
as	O
low	O
as	O
320	O
×	O
200	O
(	O
emulation	O
of	O
older	O
computers	O
or	O
game	O
consoles	O
)	O
to	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
the	O
internal	O
board	O
will	O
allow	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
image	O
becomes	O
too	O
detailed	O
for	O
the	O
vacuum	O
tube	O
to	O
recreate	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
analog	O
blur	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
CRTs	O
provide	O
a	O
variability	O
in	O
resolution	O
that	O
fixed	O
resolution	O
LCDs	B-Device
cannot	O
provide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
far	O
as	O
digital	O
cinematography	O
is	O
concerned	O
,	O
video	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
standards	O
depend	O
first	O
on	O
the	O
frames	O
 '	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
in	O
the	O
film	O
stock	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
usually	O
scanned	O
for	O
digital	O
intermediate	O
post-production	O
)	O
and	O
then	O
on	O
the	O
actual	O
points	O
 '	O
count	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
reference	O
consider	O
that	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
4:3	O
(	O
around	O
1.33:1	O
)	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
which	O
a	O
film	O
frame	O
(	O
no	O
matter	O
what	O
is	O
its	O
format	O
)	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
horizontally	O
fit	O
in	O
,	O
n	O
is	O
the	O
multiplier	O
of	O
1024	O
such	O
that	O
the	O
horizontal	O
resolution	O
is	O
exactly	O
1024•n	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
2K	O
reference	O
resolution	O
is	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
whereas	O
4K	B-Device
reference	O
resolution	O
is	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
2K	O
may	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
resolutions	O
like	O
(	O
full-aperture	O
)	O
,	O
(	O
HDTV	B-Device
,	O
16:9	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
)	O
or	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
(	O
Cinemascope	O
,	O
2.35:1	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4:3	O
or	O
16:9	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
intended	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
of	O
the	O
original	O
material	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
