<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
or	O
video	O
hashing	O
are	O
a	O
class	O
of	O
dimension	B-Algorithm
reduction	I-Algorithm
techniques	I-Algorithm
in	O
which	O
a	O
system	O
identifies	O
,	O
extracts	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
summarizes	O
characteristic	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
video	O
as	O
a	O
unique	O
or	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
multiple	O
perceptual	B-Application
hashes	I-Application
or	O
fingerprints	B-Algorithm
,	O
enabling	O
that	O
video	O
to	O
be	O
uniquely	O
identified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
was	O
first	O
developed	O
into	O
practical	O
use	O
by	O
Philips	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
methods	O
exist	O
for	O
video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
the	O
video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
robust	O
against	O
limited	O
changes	O
in	O
color	O
-	O
or	O
the	O
transformation	O
of	O
color	O
into	O
gray	O
scale	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
have	O
tried	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
fingerprint	B-Algorithm
by	O
only	O
looking	O
around	O
shot	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
does	O
not	O
rely	O
on	O
any	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
video	O
stream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
video	B-Algorithm
fingerprint	I-Algorithm
cannot	O
be	O
removed	O
,	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
added	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
a	O
reference	O
video	B-Algorithm
fingerprint	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
created	O
at	O
any	O
point	O
,	O
from	O
any	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
should	O
not	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
digital	O
watermarking	O
,	O
which	O
relies	O
on	O
inserting	O
identifying	O
features	O
into	O
the	O
content	O
and	O
therefore	O
changing	O
the	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
systems	O
must	O
search	O
a	O
potentially	O
large	O
database	O
of	O
reference	O
fingerprints	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
watermark	O
detection	O
system	O
only	O
has	O
to	O
do	O
the	O
computation	O
to	O
detect	O
the	O
watermark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
is	O
of	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
Digital	O
Rights	O
Management	O
(	O
DRM	O
)	O
area	O
,	O
particularly	O
regarding	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
unauthorized	O
content	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
systems	O
enable	O
content	O
providers	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
film	O
studios	O
)	O
or	O
publishers	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
user-generated	O
content	O
(	O
UGC	O
)	O
sites	O
)	O
to	O
determine	O
if	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
publisher	O
's	O
files	O
contain	O
content	O
registered	O
with	O
the	O
fingerprint	B-Algorithm
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
broadcast	O
monitoring	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
advertisement	O
monitoring	O
,	O
news	O
monitoring	O
)	O
and	O
general	O
media	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
application	O
is	O
described	O
in	O
this	O
Video	B-Algorithm
Fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
Use	O
Case	O
for	O
Television	O
Productions	O
and	O
Broadcasters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
content	O
provider	O
's	O
point	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
both	O
video	O
and	O
audio	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
need	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
most	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consider	O
the	O
online	O
publication	O
of	O
"	O
mash-ups	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mash-ups	B-Application
can	O
consist	O
of	O
content	O
from	O
several	O
sources	O
that	O
are	O
compiled	O
together	O
and	O
set	O
to	O
a	O
unique	O
audio	O
track	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
audio	O
track	O
is	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
version	O
,	O
the	O
copyrighted	O
material	O
in	O
these	O
mash-ups	B-Application
would	O
go	O
undetected	O
using	O
only	O
audio	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
cases	O
,	O
mash-ups	B-Application
consist	O
of	O
the	O
soundtrack	O
from	O
a	O
commercial	O
video	O
source	O
,	O
like	O
a	O
movie	O
,	O
used	O
with	O
a	O
different	O
video	O
stream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
a	O
video	B-Algorithm
fingerprint	I-Algorithm
would	O
not	O
match	O
,	O
but	O
an	O
audio	B-Algorithm
fingerprint	I-Algorithm
would	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
change	O
in	O
audio	O
renders	O
the	O
films	O
virtually	O
unrecognizable	O
by	O
audio	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
technologies	O
unless	O
copies	O
of	O
all	O
known	O
versions	O
have	O
been	O
fingerprinted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Employing	O
video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
,	O
however	O
,	O
enables	O
the	O
content	O
owner	O
to	O
fingerprint	B-Algorithm
just	O
once	O
and	O
have	O
each	O
subsequent	O
version	O
remain	O
recognizable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
customer	O
wishes	O
to	O
know	O
which	O
language	O
soundtrack	O
is	O
present	O
on	O
a	O
particular	O
video	O
,	O
then	O
an	O
audio	B-Algorithm
fingerprint	I-Algorithm
must	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
applied	O
to	O
smart	B-Device
TV	I-Device
is	O
enabling	O
an	O
emerging	O
category	O
of	O
interactive	O
television	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
fingerprints	I-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
content-aware	O
video	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
national	O
commercial	O
contains	O
a	O
15-second	O
spot	O
for	O
a	O
Ford	O
Explorer	O
SUV	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
fingerprint	B-Algorithm
technology	O
,	O
local	O
operators	O
may	O
put	O
an	O
overlay	O
of	O
local	O
dealership	O
information	O
–	O
phone	O
number	O
,	O
promotion	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
authorities	O
to	O
track	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
illegal	O
content	O
such	O
as	O
happy	O
slapping	O
,	O
terrorist	O
,	O
and	O
child	O
sexual	O
abuse	O
related	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
the	O
Dutch	O
company	O
Ziuz	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
Dutch	O
Police	O
,	O
TNO	O
and	O
University	O
of	O
Amsterdam	O
developed	O
video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
for	O
detecting	O
child	O
sexual	O
abuse	O
related	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2014	O
the	O
British	O
company	O
Friend	O
MTS	O
Ltd	O
.	O
donated	O
its	O
video	B-Algorithm
fingerprinting	I-Algorithm
technology	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
F1	O
)	O
to	O
the	O
International	O
Centre	O
for	O
Missing	O
&	O
Exploited	O
Children	O
(	O
ICMEC	O
)	O
to	O
help	O
increase	O
the	O
efficiency	O
of	O
child	O
pornography	O
investigations	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
halt	O
the	O
continued	O
sharing	O
of	O
similar	O
files	O
over	O
the	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICMEC	O
distributes	O
the	O
technology	O
to	O
law	O
enforcement	O
agencies	O
,	O
software	B-Application
providers	I-Application
,	O
and	O
online	O
service	O
providers	O
to	O
hinder	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
such	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
