<s>
A	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
digital	O
representation	O
of	O
an	O
intended	O
or	O
actual	O
real-world	O
physical	O
product	O
,	O
system	O
,	O
or	O
process	O
(	O
a	O
physical	O
twin	O
)	O
that	O
serves	O
as	O
the	O
effectively	O
indistinguishable	O
digital	O
counterpart	O
of	O
it	O
for	O
practical	O
purposes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
simulation	O
,	O
integration	O
,	O
testing	O
,	O
monitoring	B-Application
,	O
and	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
intended	O
from	O
its	O
initial	O
introduction	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
underlying	O
premise	O
for	O
Product	O
Lifecycle	O
Management	O
and	O
exists	O
throughout	O
the	O
entire	O
lifecycle	O
(	O
create	O
,	O
build	O
,	O
operate/support	O
,	O
and	O
dispose	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
entity	O
it	O
represents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
information	O
is	O
granular	O
,	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
representation	O
is	O
determined	O
by	O
the	O
value-based	O
use	O
cases	O
it	O
is	O
created	O
to	O
implement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
can	O
and	O
does	O
often	O
exist	O
before	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
physical	O
entity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
create	O
phase	O
allows	O
the	O
intended	O
entity	O
's	O
entire	O
lifecycle	O
to	O
be	O
modeled	O
and	O
simulated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
of	O
an	O
existing	O
entity	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
and	O
regularly	O
synchronized	O
with	O
the	O
corresponding	O
physical	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
concept	O
originated	O
earlier	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
practical	O
definition	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
originated	O
from	O
NASA	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
improve	O
physical-model	O
simulation	O
of	O
spacecraft	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
are	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
continual	O
improvement	O
in	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
product	O
design	O
and	O
engineering	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
were	O
anticipated	O
by	O
David	O
Gelernter	O
's	O
1991	O
book	O
Mirror	O
Worlds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
and	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
was	O
first	O
publicly	O
introduced	O
in	O
2002	O
by	O
Michael	O
Grieves	O
,	O
at	O
a	O
Society	O
of	O
Manufacturing	O
Engineers	O
conference	O
in	O
Troy	O
,	O
Michigan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grieves	O
proposed	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
as	O
the	O
conceptual	O
model	O
underlying	O
product	O
lifecycle	O
management	O
(	O
PLM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
concept	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
known	O
by	O
different	O
names	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
virtual	O
twin	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
subsequently	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
"	O
by	O
John	O
Vickers	O
of	O
NASA	O
in	O
a	O
2010	O
Roadmap	O
Report	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
concept	O
consists	O
of	O
three	O
distinct	O
parts	O
:	O
the	O
physical	O
object	O
or	O
process	O
and	O
its	O
physical	O
environment	O
,	O
the	O
digital	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
object	O
or	O
process	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
communication	O
channel	O
between	O
the	O
physical	O
and	O
virtual	O
representations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
International	O
Council	O
of	O
Systems	O
Engineers	O
(	O
INCOSE	O
)	O
maintains	O
in	O
its	O
Systems	O
Engineering	O
Book	O
of	O
Knowledge	O
(	O
SEBoK	O
)	O
that	O
:	O
"	O
A	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
related	O
yet	O
distinct	O
concept	O
to	O
digital	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
high-fidelity	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
emulate	O
the	O
actual	O
system.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
evolving	O
US	O
DoD	O
Digital	O
Engineering	O
Strategy	O
initiative	O
,	O
first	O
formulated	O
in	O
2018	O
,	O
defines	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
as	O
"	O
an	O
integrated	O
multiphysics	O
,	O
multiscale	O
,	O
probabilistic	O
simulation	O
of	O
an	O
as-built	O
system	O
,	O
enabled	O
by	O
a	O
Digital	O
Thread	O
,	O
that	O
uses	O
the	O
best	O
available	O
models	O
,	O
sensor	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
input	O
data	O
to	O
mirror	O
and	O
predict	O
activities/performance	O
over	O
the	O
life	O
of	O
its	O
corresponding	O
physical	O
twin.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
are	O
commonly	O
divided	O
into	O
subtypes	O
that	O
sometimes	O
include	O
:	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
prototype	O
(	O
DTP	O
)	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
instance	O
(	O
DTI	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
aggregate	O
(	O
DTA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DTI	O
is	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
of	O
each	O
individual	O
instance	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
once	O
it	O
is	O
manufactured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specific	O
information	O
contained	O
in	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
is	O
driven	O
by	O
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
logical	O
construct	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
the	O
actual	O
data	O
and	O
information	O
may	O
be	O
contained	O
in	O
other	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
have	O
certain	O
characteristics	O
that	O
distinguish	O
them	O
from	O
other	O
technologies	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
characteristics	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
is	O
its	O
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
recent	O
development	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
brings	O
forward	O
numerous	O
new	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
also	O
brings	O
forward	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technology	O
shows	O
many	O
characteristics	O
that	O
have	O
similarities	O
with	O
the	O
character	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
namely	O
its	O
connective	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basis	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
is	O
based	O
on	O
this	O
connection	O
,	O
without	O
it	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
would	O
not	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
enables	O
increased	O
connectivity	O
between	O
organizations	O
,	O
products	O
,	O
and	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
connectivity	O
between	O
partners	O
and	O
customers	O
in	O
a	O
supply	O
chain	O
can	O
be	O
increased	O
by	O
enabling	O
members	O
of	O
this	O
supply	O
chain	O
to	O
check	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
of	O
a	O
product	O
or	O
asset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
partners	O
can	O
then	O
check	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
this	O
product	O
by	O
simply	O
checking	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
further	O
characterized	O
as	O
a	O
digital	O
technology	O
that	O
is	O
both	O
the	O
consequence	O
and	O
an	O
enabler	O
of	O
the	O
homogenization	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
any	O
type	O
of	O
information	O
or	O
content	O
can	O
now	O
be	O
stored	O
and	O
transmitted	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
digital	O
form	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
virtual	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
thus	O
decoupling	O
the	O
information	O
from	O
its	O
physical	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
homogenization	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
the	O
decoupling	O
of	O
the	O
information	O
from	O
its	O
physical	O
artifact	O
,	O
have	O
allowed	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
to	O
come	O
into	O
existence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
also	O
enable	O
increasingly	O
more	O
information	O
on	O
physical	O
products	O
to	O
be	O
stored	O
digitally	O
and	O
become	O
decoupled	O
from	O
the	O
product	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
would	O
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
lead	O
to	O
lower	O
marginal	O
costs	O
of	O
developing	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
and	O
make	O
it	O
comparatively	O
much	O
cheaper	O
to	O
test	O
,	O
predict	O
,	O
and	O
solve	O
problems	O
on	O
virtual	O
representations	O
rather	O
than	O
testing	O
on	O
physical	O
models	O
and	O
waiting	O
for	O
physical	O
products	O
to	O
break	O
before	O
intervening	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
allows	O
detailed	O
information	O
about	O
a	O
physical	O
object	O
to	O
be	O
shared	O
with	O
a	O
larger	O
number	O
of	O
agents	O
,	O
unconstrained	O
by	O
physical	O
location	O
or	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
white	O
paper	O
on	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
in	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
industry	O
,	O
Michael	O
Grieves	O
noted	O
the	O
following	O
about	O
the	O
consequences	O
of	O
homogenization	O
enabled	O
by	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
stated	O
above	O
,	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
enables	O
a	O
physical	O
product	O
to	O
be	O
reprogrammable	O
in	O
a	O
certain	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
reprogrammable	O
in	O
an	O
automatic	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
sensors	O
on	O
the	O
physical	O
product	O
,	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
technologies	O
,	O
and	O
predictive	B-General_Concept
analytics	I-General_Concept
,	O
A	O
consequence	O
of	O
this	O
reprogrammable	O
nature	O
is	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
functionalities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
we	O
take	O
the	O
example	O
of	O
an	O
engine	O
again	O
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
collect	O
data	O
about	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
engine	O
and	O
if	O
needed	O
adjust	O
the	O
engine	O
,	O
creating	O
a	O
newer	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufactures	O
can	O
be	O
responsible	O
for	O
observing	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
,	O
making	O
adjustments	O
,	O
or	O
reprogramming	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
when	O
needed	O
and	O
they	O
can	O
offer	O
this	O
as	O
an	O
extra	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
characteristic	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
observed	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
leave	O
digital	O
traces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
traces	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
engineers	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
when	O
a	O
machine	O
malfunctions	O
to	O
go	O
back	O
and	O
check	O
the	O
traces	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
,	O
to	O
diagnose	O
where	O
the	O
problem	O
occurred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
enables	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
track	O
the	O
machines	O
that	O
are	O
used	O
and	O
notice	O
possible	O
areas	O
of	O
improvement	O
in	O
the	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
these	O
machines	O
are	O
made	O
modular	O
,	O
by	O
using	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
,	O
manufacturers	O
can	O
see	O
which	O
components	O
make	O
the	O
machine	O
perform	O
poorly	O
and	O
replace	O
these	O
with	O
better	O
fitting	O
components	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
3D	O
modeling	O
to	O
create	O
digital	O
companions	O
for	O
the	O
physical	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
when	O
sensors	O
collect	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
connected	O
device	O
,	O
the	O
sensor	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
update	O
a	O
"	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
"	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
state	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
device	O
shadow	O
"	O
is	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
up-to-date	O
and	O
accurate	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
physical	O
object	O
's	O
properties	O
and	O
states	O
,	O
including	O
shape	O
,	O
position	O
,	O
gesture	O
,	O
status	O
and	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
also	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
monitoring	B-Application
,	O
diagnostics	O
and	O
prognostics	O
to	O
optimize	O
asset	O
performance	O
and	O
utilization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
complex	O
prognostics	O
and	O
intelligent	O
maintenance	O
system	O
platforms	O
can	O
use	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
in	O
finding	O
the	O
root	O
cause	O
of	O
issues	O
and	O
improve	O
productivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
of	O
autonomous	O
vehicles	O
and	O
their	O
sensor	O
suite	O
embedded	O
in	O
a	O
traffic	O
and	O
environment	O
simulation	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
proposed	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
to	O
overcome	O
the	O
significant	O
development	O
,	O
testing	O
and	O
validation	O
challenges	O
for	O
the	O
automotive	O
application	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
when	O
the	O
related	O
algorithms	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
approaches	O
that	O
require	O
extensive	O
training	O
data	O
and	O
validation	O
data	O
sets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
physical	O
manufacturing	O
objects	O
are	O
virtualized	O
and	O
represented	O
as	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
models	O
(	O
avatars	O
)	O
seamlessly	O
and	O
closely	O
integrated	O
in	O
both	O
the	O
physical	O
and	O
cyber	O
spaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
disrupting	O
the	O
entire	O
product	O
lifecycle	O
management	O
(	O
PLM	O
)	O
,	O
from	O
design	O
,	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
to	O
service	O
and	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
can	O
merge	O
the	O
product	O
physical	O
and	O
virtual	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
enables	O
companies	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
digital	O
footprint	O
of	O
all	O
of	O
their	O
products	O
,	O
from	O
design	O
to	O
development	O
and	O
throughout	O
the	O
entire	O
product	O
life	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Broadly	O
speaking	O
,	O
industries	O
with	O
manufacturing	O
business	O
are	O
highly	O
disrupted	O
by	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
process	O
,	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
like	O
a	O
virtual	O
replica	O
of	O
the	O
near-time	O
occurrences	O
in	O
the	O
factory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
this	O
data	O
is	O
continuously	O
communicating	O
and	O
collected	O
by	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
have	O
become	O
more	O
affordable	O
and	O
could	O
drive	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
benefit	O
for	O
engineers	O
lies	O
in	O
real-world	O
usage	O
of	O
products	O
that	O
are	O
virtually	O
being	O
designed	O
by	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
ways	O
of	O
product	O
and	O
asset	O
maintenance	O
and	O
management	O
come	O
within	O
reach	O
as	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
real	O
'	O
thing	O
 '	O
with	O
real-time	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
offer	O
a	O
great	O
amount	O
of	O
business	O
potential	O
by	O
predicting	O
the	O
future	O
instead	O
of	O
analyzing	O
the	O
past	O
of	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
representation	O
of	O
reality	O
created	O
by	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
allows	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
evolve	O
towards	O
ex-ante	O
business	O
practices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
future	O
of	O
manufacturing	O
drives	O
on	O
the	O
following	O
four	O
aspects	O
:	O
modularity	O
,	O
autonomy	O
,	O
connectivity	O
and	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lastly	O
,	O
connectivity	O
like	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
,	O
makes	O
the	O
closing	O
of	O
the	O
digitalization	O
loop	O
possible	O
,	O
by	O
then	O
allowing	O
the	O
following	O
cycle	O
of	O
product	O
design	O
and	O
promotion	O
to	O
be	O
optimized	O
for	O
higher	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
as	O
storage	O
and	O
computing	O
costs	O
are	O
becoming	O
less	O
expensive	O
,	O
the	O
ways	O
in	O
which	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
are	O
used	O
are	O
expanding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implementation	O
challenges	O
such	O
as	O
data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
,	O
organizational	O
or	O
compliance	O
challenges	O
can	O
hinder	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
Digital	B-General_Concept
Twins	I-General_Concept
and	O
its	O
benefits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Geographic	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
popularised	O
in	O
urban	O
planning	O
practice	O
,	O
given	O
the	O
increasing	O
appetite	O
for	O
digital	O
technology	O
in	O
the	O
Smart	B-Device
Cities	I-Device
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
are	O
often	O
proposed	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
interactive	O
platforms	O
to	O
capture	O
and	O
display	O
real-time	O
3D	O
and	O
4D	O
spatial	O
data	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
model	O
urban	O
environments	O
(	O
cities	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
data	O
feeds	O
within	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visualization	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
AR	O
)	O
systems	O
are	O
being	O
used	O
as	O
both	O
collaborative	O
tools	O
for	O
design	O
and	O
planning	O
in	O
the	O
built	O
environment	O
integrating	O
data	O
feeds	O
from	O
embedded	O
sensors	O
in	O
cities	O
and	O
API	O
services	O
to	O
form	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
AR	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
maps	O
,	O
buildings	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
feeds	O
projected	O
onto	O
tabletops	O
for	O
collaborative	O
viewing	O
by	O
built	O
environment	O
professionals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
built	O
environment	O
,	O
partly	O
through	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
processes	O
,	O
planning	O
,	O
design	O
,	O
construction	O
,	O
and	O
operation	O
and	O
maintenance	O
activities	O
are	O
increasingly	O
being	O
digitised	O
,	O
and	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
of	O
built	O
assets	O
are	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
logical	O
extension	O
-	O
at	O
an	O
individual	O
asset	O
level	O
and	O
at	O
a	O
national	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
in	O
November	O
2018	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Centre	O
for	O
Digital	O
Built	O
Britain	O
published	O
The	O
Gemini	O
Principles	O
,	O
outlining	O
principles	O
to	O
guide	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
national	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
examples	O
of	O
a	O
working	O
'	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
 '	O
was	O
achieved	O
in	O
1996	O
during	O
construction	O
of	O
the	O
Heathrow	O
Express	O
facilities	O
at	O
Heathrow	O
Airport	O
's	O
Terminal	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consultant	O
Mott	O
MacDonald	O
and	O
BIM	B-Architecture
pioneer	O
Jonathan	O
Ingram	O
connected	O
movement	O
sensors	O
in	O
the	O
cofferdam	O
and	O
boreholes	O
to	O
the	O
digital	O
object-model	O
to	O
display	O
movements	O
in	O
the	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
have	O
also	O
been	O
proposed	O
as	O
a	O
method	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
visual	O
inspections	O
of	O
buildings	O
and	O
infrastructure	O
after	O
earthquakes	O
by	O
using	O
unmanned	O
vehicles	O
to	O
gather	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
a	O
virtual	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
affected	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Healthcare	O
is	O
recognized	O
as	O
an	O
industry	O
being	O
disrupted	O
by	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
healthcare	O
industry	O
was	O
originally	O
proposed	O
and	O
first	O
used	O
in	O
product	O
or	O
equipment	O
prognostics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
,	O
lives	O
can	O
be	O
improved	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
medical	O
health	O
,	O
sports	O
and	O
education	O
by	O
taking	O
a	O
more	O
data-driven	O
approach	O
to	O
healthcare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
enables	O
individual	O
's	O
records	O
to	O
be	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
population	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
easier	O
find	O
patterns	O
with	O
great	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
biggest	O
benefit	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
healthcare	O
industry	O
is	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
healthcare	O
can	O
be	O
tailored	O
to	O
anticipate	O
on	O
the	O
responses	O
of	O
individual	O
patients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
will	O
not	O
only	O
lead	O
to	O
better	O
resolutions	O
when	O
defining	O
the	O
health	O
of	O
an	O
individual	O
patient	O
but	O
also	O
change	O
the	O
expected	O
image	O
of	O
a	O
healthy	O
patient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
in	O
healthcare	O
also	O
brings	O
some	O
downsides	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
may	O
lead	O
to	O
inequality	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
technology	O
might	O
not	O
be	O
accessible	O
for	O
everyone	O
by	O
widening	O
the	O
gap	O
between	O
the	O
rich	O
and	O
poor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
will	O
identify	O
patterns	O
in	O
a	O
population	O
which	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
discrimination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
automobile	O
industry	O
has	O
been	O
improved	O
by	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
automobile	O
industry	O
are	O
implemented	O
by	O
using	O
existing	O
data	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
facilitate	O
processes	O
and	O
reduce	O
marginal	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
specific	O
example	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
in	O
the	O
automotive	O
industry	O
is	O
where	O
automotive	O
engineers	O
use	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
technology	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
the	O
firm	O
's	O
analytical	O
tool	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
analyze	O
how	O
a	O
specific	O
car	O
is	O
driven	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
built	O
for	O
not	O
just	O
individual	O
vehicles	O
but	O
also	O
the	O
whole	O
mobility	O
system	O
,	O
where	O
humans	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
drivers	O
,	O
passengers	O
,	O
pedestrians	O
)	O
,	O
vehicles	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
connected	O
vehicles	O
,	O
connected	O
and	O
automated	O
vehicles	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
traffics	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
traffic	O
networks	O
,	O
traffic	O
infrastructures	O
)	O
can	O
seek	O
guidance	O
from	O
their	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
deployed	O
on	O
edge/cloud	O
servers	O
to	O
actuate	O
real-time	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
