<s>
A	O
digital	B-General_Concept
project	I-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
(	O
or	O
also	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
project	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
virtual	O
equivalent	O
of	O
intangible	O
assets	O
and	O
processes	O
by	O
using	O
digits	O
,	O
particularly	O
binary	O
digits	O
,	O
around	O
a	O
temporary	O
undertaking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
project	I-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
evolved	O
from	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
general	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
had	O
historically	O
been	O
evolved	O
from	O
the	O
aerospace	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
historical	O
evolution	O
,	O
the	O
conceptual	O
foundation	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
focusses	O
primarily	O
on	O
physical	O
environments	O
that	O
encompass	O
a	O
real	O
object	O
such	O
as	O
devices	O
and	O
machines	O
with	O
respective	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
utilized	O
by	O
other	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
business	O
services	O
and	O
product	O
service	O
systems	O
;	O
however	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
uniform	O
accepted	O
definition	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
requirement	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
project	I-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
representation	O
of	O
data	O
from	O
information	O
systems	O
around	O
the	O
product	O
lifecycle	O
management	O
(	O
PLM	O
)	O
with	O
a	O
focus	O
from	O
the	O
formation	O
idea	O
through	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
phases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
project	I-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
quality	O
management	O
,	O
to	O
avoid	O
cost	O
overruns	O
and	O
to	O
prevent	O
time	O
escalations	O
of	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
backbone	O
are	O
data	B-Application
infrastructures	I-Application
and	O
IT	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
frameworks	O
have	O
already	O
been	O
developed	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
smart	O
project	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
project	I-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
approached	O
by	O
combining	O
the	O
three	O
distinct	O
parts	O
derived	O
from	O
digital/virtual	O
products	O
and	O
adopted	O
to	O
a	O
project	O
environment	O
:	O
first	O
:	O
the	O
project	O
(	O
physical	O
sensory	O
)	O
,	O
second	O
:	O
connectivity	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
third	O
:	O
the	O
virtual	O
representation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
an	O
increase	O
of	O
maturity	O
across	O
the	O
field	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
data	O
sources	O
,	O
connections	O
,	O
and	O
ways	O
to	O
visualize	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
digital	O
model	O
(	O
no	O
automation	O
)	O
will	O
evolve	O
with	O
a	O
digital	O
shadow	O
(	O
automatic	O
data	O
flow	O
from	O
the	O
real	O
project	O
to	O
its	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
)	O
to	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
(	O
automatic	O
data	O
flow	O
from	O
the	O
real	O
project	O
to	O
its	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
and	O
vice	O
versa	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Easy-to-use	O
data	O
analysis	O
tools	O
are	O
often	O
combined	O
with	O
real	O
time	O
reporting	O
within	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
requirement	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
project	I-General_Concept
twins	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
manage	O
project	O
data	O
around	O
the	O
information	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
business	O
warehousing	O
and	O
other	O
technologies	O
of	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
are	O
required	O
to	O
manage	O
data	O
and	O
to	O
integrate	O
connections	O
with	O
data	O
from	O
many	O
different	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
aim	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
project	I-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
exhaustive	O
capture	O
of	O
nearly	O
all	O
available	O
parameter	O
this	O
may	O
also	O
include	O
deeply	O
personal	O
data	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
feelings	O
about	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operational	O
and	O
financial	O
data	O
must	O
be	O
gathered	O
from	O
different	O
sensors	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
operationalized	O
through	O
software	O
that	O
supports	O
integrated	O
planning	O
,	O
information	B-Application
modeling	I-Application
,	O
or	O
enterprise	O
resource	O
planning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
event	O
log	O
data	O
generated	O
through	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
techniques	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
proven	O
as	O
useful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Already	O
established	O
use	O
cases	O
for	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
project	I-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
in	O
research	O
and	O
practice	O
are	O
engineer	O
to	O
order	O
and	O
construction	O
environments	O
with	O
a	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Innovations	O
and	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
,	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
,	O
and	O
additive	O
manufacturing	O
–	O
also	O
called	O
3D	O
printing	O
–	O
are	O
set	O
to	O
dominate	O
the	O
'	O
engineer	O
to	O
order	O
 '	O
and	O
the	O
construction	O
environments	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
