<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
uses	O
cameras	O
containing	O
arrays	O
of	O
electronic	O
photodetectors	O
interfaced	O
to	O
an	O
analog-to-digital	O
converter	O
(	O
ADC	O
)	O
to	O
produce	O
images	O
focused	O
by	O
a	O
lens	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
an	O
exposure	O
on	O
photographic	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digitized	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
is	O
stored	O
as	O
a	O
computer	B-Operating_System
file	I-Operating_System
ready	O
for	O
further	O
digital	O
processing	O
,	O
viewing	O
,	O
electronic	O
publishing	O
,	O
or	O
digital	O
printing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
digital	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
based	O
on	O
gathering	O
visible	O
light	O
(	O
or	O
for	O
scientific	O
instruments	O
,	O
light	O
in	O
various	O
ranges	O
of	O
the	O
electromagnetic	O
spectrum	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Algorithm
photographs	I-Algorithm
are	O
typically	O
created	O
solely	O
by	O
computer-based	O
photoelectric	O
and	O
mechanical	O
techniques	O
,	O
without	O
wet	O
bath	O
chemical	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
consumer	O
markets	O
,	O
apart	O
from	O
enthusiast	O
digital	B-Device
single-lens	I-Device
reflex	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
(	O
DSLR	B-Device
)	O
,	O
most	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
now	O
come	O
with	O
an	O
electronic	B-Algorithm
viewfinder	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
approximates	O
the	O
final	O
photograph	O
in	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
the	O
onboard	O
computational	O
resources	O
can	O
usually	O
perform	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
adjustment	O
and	O
focus	O
adjustment	O
(	O
via	O
inbuilt	O
servomotors	B-Algorithm
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
set	O
the	O
exposure	O
level	O
automatically	O
,	O
so	O
these	O
technical	O
burdens	O
are	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
photographer	O
unless	O
the	O
photographer	O
feels	O
competent	O
to	O
intercede	O
(	O
and	O
the	O
camera	O
offers	O
traditional	O
controls	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electronic	O
by	O
nature	O
,	O
most	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
are	O
instant	O
,	O
mechanized	O
,	O
and	O
automatic	O
in	O
some	O
or	O
all	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
may	O
choose	O
to	O
emulate	O
traditional	O
manual	O
controls	O
(	O
rings	O
,	O
dials	O
,	O
sprung	O
levers	O
,	O
and	O
buttons	O
)	O
or	O
it	O
may	O
instead	O
provide	O
a	O
touchscreen	B-Device
interface	I-Device
for	O
all	O
functions	O
;	O
most	O
camera	O
phones	O
fall	O
into	O
the	O
latter	O
category	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
spans	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
with	O
a	O
long	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
originated	O
in	O
the	O
space	O
industry	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
pertains	O
to	O
highly	O
customized	O
,	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
combined	O
with	O
sophisticated	O
remote	O
telemetry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
electronic	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
digitized	O
;	O
this	O
was	O
achieved	O
in	O
1951	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
modern	O
era	O
in	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
is	O
dominated	O
by	O
the	O
semiconductor	O
industry	O
,	O
which	O
evolved	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
semiconductor	O
milestone	O
was	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
the	O
charge-coupled	B-Algorithm
device	I-Algorithm
(	O
CCD	O
)	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
first	O
demonstrated	O
in	O
April	O
1970	O
;	O
since	O
then	O
,	O
the	O
field	O
has	O
advanced	O
rapidly	O
,	O
with	O
concurrent	O
advances	O
in	O
photolithographic	B-Algorithm
fabrication	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
consumer	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
were	O
marketed	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Professionals	O
gravitated	O
to	O
digital	O
slowly	O
,	O
converting	O
as	O
their	O
professional	O
work	O
required	O
using	O
digital	B-Operating_System
files	I-Operating_System
to	O
fulfill	O
demands	O
for	O
faster	O
turnaround	O
than	O
conventional	O
methods	O
could	O
allow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
around	O
2000	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
were	O
incorporated	O
into	O
cell	O
phones	O
;	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
years	O
,	O
cell	O
phone	O
cameras	O
became	O
widespread	O
,	O
particularly	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
connectivity	O
to	O
social	O
media	O
and	O
email	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
digital	O
point-and-shoot	B-Algorithm
and	O
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
have	O
also	O
seen	O
competition	O
from	O
the	O
mirrorless	B-Device
digital	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
which	O
typically	O
provide	O
better	O
image	O
quality	O
than	O
point-and-shoot	B-Algorithm
or	O
cell	O
phone	O
cameras	O
but	O
are	O
smaller	O
in	O
size	O
and	O
shape	O
than	O
typical	O
DSLRs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
mirrorless	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
accept	O
interchangeable	O
lenses	O
and	O
have	O
advanced	O
features	O
through	O
an	O
electronic	B-Algorithm
viewfinder	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
replaces	O
the	O
through-the-lens	O
viewfinder	O
of	O
single-lens	B-Algorithm
reflex	I-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
has	O
only	O
relatively	O
recently	O
become	O
mainstream	O
,	O
the	O
late	O
20th	O
century	O
saw	O
many	O
small	O
developments	O
leading	O
to	O
its	O
creation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
began	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Six	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
in	O
1957	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
was	O
produced	O
through	O
a	O
computer	O
by	O
Russell	O
Kirsch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
semiconductor	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
was	O
the	O
charge-coupled	B-Algorithm
device	I-Algorithm
(	O
CCD	O
)	O
,	O
invented	O
by	O
physicists	O
Willard	O
S	O
.	O
Boyle	O
and	O
George	O
E	O
.	O
Smith	O
at	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
in	O
1969	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
it	O
was	O
fairly	O
straightforward	O
to	O
fabricate	B-Architecture
a	O
series	O
of	O
MOS	O
capacitors	O
in	O
a	O
row	O
,	O
they	O
connected	O
a	O
suitable	O
voltage	O
to	O
the	O
capacitors	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
charge	O
could	O
be	O
stepped	O
along	O
from	O
one	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1976	O
,	O
the	O
Mars	O
Viking	O
Lander	O
produced	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
from	O
the	O
surface	O
of	O
Mars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
was	O
different	O
from	O
,	O
but	O
comparable	O
to	O
,	O
a	O
modern	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
—	O
it	O
used	O
a	O
video	O
camera	O
tube	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
digitizer	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
mosaic	O
of	O
solid	O
state	O
sensor	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
produced	O
a	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
that	O
was	O
stored	O
on	O
tape	O
for	O
later	O
slow	O
transmission	O
back	O
to	O
Earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
published	O
color	O
digital	B-Application
photograph	I-Application
was	O
produced	O
in	O
1972	O
by	O
Michael	O
Francis	O
Tompsett	O
using	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
technology	O
and	O
was	O
featured	O
on	O
the	O
cover	O
of	O
Electronics	O
Magazine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cromemco	B-Algorithm
Cyclops	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
developed	O
as	O
a	O
commercial	O
product	O
and	O
interfaced	O
to	O
a	O
microcomputer	O
,	O
was	O
featured	O
in	O
the	O
February	O
1975	O
issue	O
of	O
Popular	O
Electronics	O
magazine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
MOS	O
technology	O
for	O
its	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
important	O
development	O
in	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
compression	O
technology	O
was	O
the	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
a	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
technique	O
first	O
proposed	O
by	O
Nasir	O
Ahmed	O
while	O
he	O
was	O
working	O
at	O
the	O
Kansas	O
State	O
University	O
in	O
1972	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DCT	B-General_Concept
compression	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
JPEG	O
image	O
standard	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
the	O
Joint	O
Photographic	O
Experts	O
Group	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
JPEG	O
standard	O
was	O
largely	O
responsible	O
for	O
popularizing	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
self-contained	O
(	O
portable	O
)	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
was	O
created	O
in	O
1975	O
by	O
Steven	O
Sasson	O
of	O
Eastman	O
Kodak	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sasson	O
's	O
camera	O
used	O
CCD	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
chips	O
developed	O
by	O
Fairchild	O
Semiconductor	O
in	O
1973	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
weighed	O
8	O
pounds	O
(	O
3.6kg	O
)	O
,	O
recorded	O
black-and-white	O
images	O
to	O
a	O
cassette	O
tape	O
,	O
had	O
a	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
of	O
0.01megapixels	O
(	O
10,000	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
and	O
took	O
23	O
seconds	O
to	O
capture	O
its	O
first	O
image	O
in	O
December	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
until	O
1981	O
that	O
the	O
first	O
consumer	O
camera	O
was	O
produced	O
by	O
Sony	O
,	O
the	O
groundwork	O
for	O
digital	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
and	O
photography	O
had	O
been	O
laid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
digital	B-Device
single-lens	I-Device
reflex	I-Device
(	O
DSLR	B-Device
)	O
camera	O
was	O
the	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
SVC	O
prototype	O
demonstrated	O
in	O
1986	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
commercial	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
QV-1000C	O
released	O
in	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
widely	O
commercially	O
available	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
was	O
the	O
1990	O
Dycam	O
Model1	O
;	O
it	O
also	O
sold	O
as	O
the	O
Logitech	O
Fotoman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
a	O
CCD	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
stored	O
pictures	O
digitally	O
,	O
and	O
connected	O
directly	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
for	O
downloading	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
offered	O
to	O
professional	O
photographers	O
for	O
a	O
hefty	O
price	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
mid-to-late	O
1990s	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
technology	O
advancements	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
were	O
commonly	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advent	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
also	O
gave	O
way	O
to	O
cultural	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
photography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
field	O
became	O
more	O
popular	O
,	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
and	O
photographers	O
diversified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
expanded	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
photography	O
from	O
a	O
small	O
,	O
somewhat	O
elite	O
circle	O
to	O
one	O
that	O
encompassed	O
many	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
phone	O
further	O
helped	O
popularize	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
social	O
media	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
JPEG	O
image	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
cell	O
phones	O
with	O
built-in	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
were	O
produced	O
in	O
2000	O
by	O
Sharp	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Small	O
,	O
convenient	O
,	O
and	O
easy	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
camera	O
phones	O
have	O
made	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
ubiquitous	O
in	O
the	O
daily	O
life	O
of	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
are	O
arrays	O
of	O
electronic	O
devices	O
that	O
convert	O
the	O
optical	O
image	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
camera	O
lens	O
into	O
a	O
digital	B-Operating_System
file	I-Operating_System
that	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
some	O
digital	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
device	O
,	O
inside	O
or	O
outside	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
element	O
of	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
array	O
measures	O
the	O
intensity	O
of	O
light	O
hitting	O
a	O
small	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
projected	O
image	O
(	O
a	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
)	O
and	O
converts	O
it	O
to	O
a	O
digital	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
main	O
types	O
of	O
sensors	O
are	O
charge-coupled	B-Algorithm
devices	I-Algorithm
(	O
CCD	O
)	O
—	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
photocharge	O
is	O
shifted	O
to	O
a	O
central	O
charge-to-voltage	O
converter	O
—	O
and	O
CMOS	B-Device
or	O
active	B-Architecture
pixel	I-Architecture
sensors	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
cameras	O
for	O
the	O
general	O
consumer	O
market	O
create	O
color	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
,	O
in	O
which	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
has	O
a	O
color	O
value	O
from	O
a	O
three-dimensional	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
like	O
RGB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
there	O
is	O
light-sensing	O
technology	O
that	O
can	O
distinguish	O
the	O
wavelength	O
of	O
the	O
light	O
incident	O
on	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
,	O
most	O
cameras	O
use	O
monochrome	O
sensors	O
that	O
can	O
only	O
record	O
the	O
intensity	O
of	O
that	O
light	O
,	O
over	O
a	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
wavelengths	O
that	O
includes	O
all	O
the	O
visible	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
obtain	O
color	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
,	O
those	O
cameras	O
depend	O
on	O
color	O
filters	B-Algorithm
applied	O
over	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
,	O
typically	O
in	O
a	O
Bayer	B-Algorithm
pattern	I-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
(	O
rarely	O
)	O
on	O
movable	O
filters	B-Algorithm
or	O
light	O
splitters	O
such	O
as	O
dichroic	O
mirrors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
grayscale	O
images	O
are	O
then	O
combined	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
color	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
step	O
is	O
usually	O
performed	O
by	O
the	O
camera	O
itself	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
cameras	O
may	O
optionally	O
provide	O
the	O
unprocessed	O
grayscale	O
images	O
in	O
a	O
so-called	O
raw	B-Application
image	I-Application
format	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Leica	B-Algorithm
Monochrom	I-Algorithm
cameras	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
opted	O
for	O
a	O
grayscale-only	O
sensor	O
to	O
get	O
better	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
and	O
dynamic	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reduction	O
from	O
three-dimensional	O
color	O
to	O
grayscale	O
or	O
simulated	O
sepia	O
toning	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
performed	O
by	O
digital	O
post-processing	B-Application
,	O
often	O
as	O
an	O
option	O
in	O
the	O
camera	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
some	O
multispectral	O
cameras	O
may	O
record	O
more	O
than	O
three	O
color	O
coordinates	O
for	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
(	O
except	O
some	O
high-end	O
linear	B-Algorithm
array	I-Algorithm
cameras	O
and	O
simple	O
,	O
low-end	O
webcams	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
a	O
digital	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
device	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
storing	O
images	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
transferred	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
memory	O
device	O
is	O
usually	O
a	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
;	O
floppy	B-Device
disks	I-Device
and	O
CD-RWs	O
are	O
less	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
taking	O
pictures	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
may	O
also	O
record	O
sound	O
and	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
function	O
as	O
webcams	B-Protocol
,	O
some	O
use	O
the	O
PictBridge	B-Algorithm
standard	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
printers	O
without	O
using	O
a	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
can	O
display	O
pictures	O
directly	O
on	O
a	O
television	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
many	O
camcorders	O
can	O
take	O
still	O
photographs	O
and	O
store	O
them	O
on	O
videotape	O
or	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
cards	I-Device
with	O
the	O
same	O
functionality	O
as	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
shift	O
from	O
analog	O
information	O
to	O
digital	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
quality	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
composite	O
of	O
various	O
factors	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
film	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pixel	B-Algorithm
count	O
(	O
typically	O
listed	O
in	O
megapixels	O
,	O
millions	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
only	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
factors	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
heavily	O
marketed	O
figure	O
of	O
merit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
manufacturers	O
advertise	O
this	O
figure	O
because	O
consumers	O
can	O
use	O
it	O
to	O
easily	O
compare	O
camera	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
not	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
major	O
factor	O
in	O
evaluating	O
a	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
for	O
most	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
processing	O
system	O
inside	O
the	O
camera	O
that	O
turns	O
the	O
raw	B-Application
data	O
into	O
a	O
color-balanced	O
and	O
pleasing	O
photograph	O
is	O
usually	O
more	O
critical	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
why	O
some	O
4+	O
megapixel	O
cameras	O
perform	O
better	O
than	O
higher-end	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resolution	B-Algorithm
in	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
is	O
not	O
the	O
only	O
measure	O
of	O
image	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
larger	O
sensor	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
generally	O
produces	O
a	O
better	O
image	O
than	O
a	O
smaller	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
benefits	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
a	O
reduction	O
in	O
image	B-Algorithm
noise	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
advantages	O
of	O
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
which	O
have	O
larger	O
sensors	O
than	O
simpler	O
point-and-shoot	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
same	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
factors	O
that	O
impact	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
a	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
n	O
for	O
a	O
given	O
maximum	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
(	O
w	O
horizontal	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
by	O
h	O
vertical	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
)	O
is	O
the	O
product	O
n	O
=	O
w	O
×	O
h	O
.	O
For	O
example	O
,	O
an	O
image	O
1600	O
×	O
1200	O
in	O
size	O
has	O
1,920,000	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
1.92	O
megapixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
count	O
quoted	O
by	O
manufacturers	O
can	O
be	O
misleading	O
as	O
it	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
full-color	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
cameras	O
using	O
single-chip	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
number	O
claimed	O
is	O
the	O
total	O
number	O
of	O
single-color-sensitive	O
photosensors	O
,	O
whether	O
they	O
have	O
different	O
locations	O
in	O
the	O
plane	O
,	O
as	O
with	O
the	O
Bayer	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
in	O
stacks	O
of	O
three	O
co-located	O
photosensors	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
Foveon	B-Algorithm
X3	I-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
images	O
have	O
different	O
numbers	O
of	O
RGB	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
:	O
Bayer-sensor	O
cameras	O
produce	O
as	O
many	O
RGB	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
as	O
photosensors	O
via	O
demosaicing	B-Algorithm
(	O
interpolation	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
Foveon	O
sensors	O
produce	O
uninterpolated	O
image	O
files	O
with	O
one-third	O
as	O
many	O
RGB	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
as	O
photosensors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
relative	O
increase	O
in	O
detail	O
resulting	O
from	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
is	O
better	O
compared	O
by	O
looking	O
at	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
across	O
(	O
or	O
down	O
)	O
the	O
picture	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
total	O
number	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
picture	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increasing	O
to	O
3200	O
×	O
2048	O
increases	O
the	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
picture	O
to	O
6,553,600	O
(	O
6.5	O
megapixels	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
factor	O
of	O
1.6	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
per	O
cm	O
in	O
the	O
picture	O
(	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
image	B-Algorithm
size	I-Algorithm
)	O
increases	O
by	O
only	O
1.25	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
measure	O
of	O
the	O
comparative	O
increase	O
in	O
linear	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
square	O
root	O
of	O
the	O
increase	O
in	O
area	O
resolution	B-Algorithm
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
megapixels	O
in	O
the	O
entire	O
image	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Highlight	O
burn-out	O
"	O
of	O
digital	O
sensors	O
is	O
not	O
usually	O
abrupt	O
in	O
output	O
images	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
tone	B-Language
mapping	I-Language
required	O
to	O
fit	O
their	O
large	O
dynamic	O
range	O
into	O
the	O
more	O
limited	O
dynamic	O
range	O
of	O
the	O
output	O
(	O
be	O
it	O
SDR	O
display	O
or	O
printing	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
can	O
show	O
these	O
blown	O
highlights	O
in	O
the	O
image	O
review	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
photographer	O
to	O
re-shoot	O
the	O
picture	O
with	O
a	O
modified	O
exposure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
compensate	O
for	O
the	O
total	O
contrast	O
of	O
a	O
scene	O
by	O
selectively	O
exposing	O
darker	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
longer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
third	O
technique	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
Fujifilm	O
in	O
its	O
FinePix	B-Device
S3	I-Device
Pro	I-Device
DSLR	B-Device
:	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
contains	O
additional	O
photodiodes	O
of	O
lower	O
sensitivity	O
than	O
the	O
main	O
ones	O
;	O
these	O
retain	O
detail	O
in	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
too	O
bright	O
for	O
the	O
main	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
using	O
exposure	O
bracketing	O
and	O
post-processing	B-Application
the	O
separate	O
images	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
single	O
image	O
with	O
a	O
higher	O
dynamic	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
camera	O
phones	O
and	O
most	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
use	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
with	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
to	O
store	O
image	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
cards	O
for	O
separate	O
cameras	O
are	O
Secure	B-Device
Digital	I-Device
(	O
SD	O
)	O
format	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
older	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
(	O
CF	B-Device
)	O
format	O
;	O
other	O
formats	O
are	O
rare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XQD	B-Device
card	I-Device
format	O
was	O
the	O
last	O
new	O
form	O
of	O
card	O
,	O
targeted	O
at	O
high-definition	O
camcorders	O
and	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
digital	B-Application
photo	I-Application
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
modern	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
also	O
use	O
internal	O
memory	O
of	O
limited	O
capacity	O
to	O
hold	O
pictures	O
temporarily	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
whether	O
or	O
not	O
the	O
camera	O
is	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
pictures	O
can	O
then	O
be	O
transferred	O
later	O
to	O
a	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
or	O
external	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
can	O
hold	O
vast	O
numbers	O
of	O
photos	O
,	O
requiring	O
attention	O
only	O
when	O
the	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
is	O
full	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
most	O
users	O
,	O
this	O
means	O
hundreds	O
of	O
quality	O
photos	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
photographers	O
rely	O
on	O
the	O
integrity	O
of	O
image	O
files	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
important	O
to	O
take	O
proper	O
care	O
of	O
memory	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
process	O
is	O
card	B-Application
formatting	I-Application
,	O
which	O
essentially	O
involves	O
scanning	O
the	O
cards	O
for	O
possible	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
advantage	O
of	O
consumer-level	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
is	O
the	O
low	O
recurring	O
cost	O
,	O
as	O
users	O
need	O
not	O
purchase	O
photographic	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digicams	B-Device
tend	O
also	O
to	O
be	O
easier	O
to	O
carry	O
and	O
use	O
than	O
comparable	O
film	O
cameras	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
easily	O
adapt	O
to	O
modern	O
use	O
of	O
pictures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
,	O
particularly	O
those	O
in	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
can	O
send	O
their	O
pictures	O
directly	O
to	O
email	O
,	O
web	O
pages	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
electronic	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
professional	O
usage	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
offer	O
many	O
advantages	O
in	O
speed	O
,	O
precision	O
,	O
flexibility	O
,	O
ease	O
,	O
and	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
batch	O
processing	O
of	O
RAW	B-Application
files	I-Application
can	O
be	O
time-consuming	O
,	O
even	O
on	O
a	O
fast	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Faster	O
image	O
ingest	O
:	O
it	O
will	O
take	O
no	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
few	O
seconds	O
to	O
transfer	O
a	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
RAW	B-Application
file	I-Application
from	O
a	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
vs	O
many	O
minutes	O
to	O
scan	O
film	O
with	O
a	O
high-quality	O
scanner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
most	O
users	O
,	O
a	O
single	O
memory	B-Device
card	I-Device
is	O
sufficient	O
for	O
the	O
lifetime	O
of	O
the	O
camera	O
whereas	O
film	O
rolls	O
are	O
a	O
re-incurring	O
cost	O
of	O
film	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Precision	O
and	O
reproducibility	O
of	O
processing	O
:	O
since	O
processing	O
in	O
the	O
digital	O
domain	O
is	O
purely	O
numerical	O
,	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
using	O
deterministic	O
(	O
non-random	O
)	O
algorithms	O
is	O
perfectly	O
reproducible	O
and	O
eliminates	O
variations	O
common	O
with	O
photochemical	O
processing	O
,	O
and	O
enables	O
otherwise	O
difficult	O
or	O
impractical	O
processing	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
manipulation	O
:	O
a	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
modified	O
and	O
manipulated	O
much	O
easier	O
and	O
faster	O
than	O
with	O
traditional	O
negative	O
and	O
print	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manufacturers	O
such	O
as	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
and	O
Canon	O
have	O
promoted	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
digital	B-Device
single-lens	I-Device
reflex	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
(	O
DSLRs	B-Device
)	O
by	O
photojournalists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
8	O
-	O
to	O
24-megapixel	O
images	O
,	O
found	O
in	O
modern	O
digital	B-Device
SLRs	I-Device
,	O
when	O
combined	O
with	O
high-end	O
lenses	O
,	O
can	O
approximate	O
the	O
detail	O
of	O
film	O
prints	O
from	O
35	O
mm	O
film-based	O
SLRs	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aliasing	B-Error_Name
:	O
as	O
with	O
any	O
sampled	O
signal	O
,	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
periodic	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
structure	O
of	O
common	O
electronic	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
and	O
periodic	O
structure	O
of	O
photographed	O
objects	O
(	O
typically	O
man-made	O
objects	O
)	O
can	O
cause	O
objectionable	O
aliasing	B-Error_Name
artifacts	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
false	O
colors	O
when	O
using	O
cameras	O
using	O
a	O
Bayer	B-Algorithm
pattern	I-Algorithm
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aliasing	B-Error_Name
is	O
also	O
present	O
in	O
film	O
,	O
but	O
typically	O
manifests	O
itself	O
in	O
less	O
obvious	O
ways	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
increased	O
granularity	B-Operating_System
)	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
stochastic	O
grain	O
structure	O
(	O
stochastic	O
sampling	O
)	O
of	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electricity-dependent	O
:	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
cannot	O
operate	O
without	O
electricity	O
,	O
usually	O
provided	O
via	O
a	O
battery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
mechanical	O
film	O
cameras	O
existed	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Leica	B-Algorithm
M2	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Limited	O
sensor	B-Algorithm
size	I-Algorithm
:	O
a	O
persistent	O
challenge	O
in	O
semiconductor	B-Architecture
fabrication	I-Architecture
is	O
that	O
chips	O
much	O
larger	O
than	O
1	O
cm2	O
are	O
expensive	O
to	O
produce	O
without	O
defects	O
,	O
confining	O
large	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
formats	I-Algorithm
compatible	O
with	O
traditional	O
35	O
mm	O
optics	O
to	O
professional	O
and	O
prosumer	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noise	O
in	O
a	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
's	O
image	O
may	O
sometimes	O
be	O
visually	O
similar	O
to	O
film	O
grain	O
in	O
a	O
film	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turn-of-the-century	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
had	O
a	O
long	O
start-up	O
delay	O
compared	O
to	O
film	O
cameras	O
(	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
the	O
delay	O
from	O
when	O
they	O
are	O
turned	O
on	O
until	O
they	O
are	O
ready	O
to	O
take	O
the	O
first	O
shot	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
the	O
case	O
for	O
modern	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
which	O
have	O
start-up	O
times	O
under	O
1/4	O
seconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
some	O
film	O
cameras	O
could	O
reach	O
up	O
to	O
14	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
fps	O
)	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
F-1	I-Algorithm
with	O
its	O
rare	O
high-speed	O
motor	O
drive	O
,	O
professional	O
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
can	O
take	O
still	O
photographs	O
at	O
the	O
highest	O
frame	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
Sony	O
SLT	O
technology	O
allows	O
rates	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
12	O
fps	O
,	O
the	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
EOS-1D	I-Algorithm
X	I-Algorithm
can	O
take	O
stills	O
at	O
a	O
rate	O
of	O
14	O
fps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
F5	I-Algorithm
is	O
limited	O
to	O
36	O
continuous	O
frames	O
(	O
the	O
length	O
of	O
the	O
film	O
)	O
without	O
the	O
cumbersome	O
bulk	O
film	O
back	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
digital	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
D5	I-Algorithm
is	O
able	O
to	O
capture	O
over	O
100	O
14-bit	O
RAW	B-Application
images	I-Application
before	O
its	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
must	O
be	O
cleared	O
and	O
the	O
remaining	O
space	O
on	O
the	O
storage	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
the	O
media	O
on	O
which	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
are	O
stored	O
or	O
printed	O
can	O
decay	O
or	O
become	O
corrupt	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
a	O
loss	O
of	O
image	O
integrity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
offer	O
RAW	B-Application
format	I-Application
(	O
sensor	O
data	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
choose	O
the	O
color	O
gamut	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
stage	O
regardless	O
of	O
camera	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
in	O
RAW	B-Application
format	I-Application
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
sensor	O
and	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
dynamics	O
can	O
only	O
capture	O
colors	O
within	O
the	O
gamut	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
digital	O
point-and-shoot	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
have	O
an	O
aspect	O
ratio	O
of	O
1.33	O
(	O
4:3	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
analog	O
television	O
or	O
early	O
movies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
take	O
photos	O
in	O
either	O
ratio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nearly	O
all	O
digital	B-Device
SLRs	I-Device
take	O
pictures	O
in	O
a	O
3:2	O
ratio	O
,	O
as	O
most	O
can	O
use	O
lenses	O
designed	O
for	O
35mm	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
Panasonic	O
launched	O
the	O
first	O
consumer	O
camera	O
with	O
a	O
native	O
aspect	O
ratio	O
of	O
16:9	O
,	O
matching	O
HDTV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
cropping	O
occurs	O
when	O
printing	O
on	O
other	O
sizes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
5	O
"	O
×7	O
"	O
,	O
8	B-Device
"	I-Device
×10	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
11	O
"	O
×14	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2002	O
,	O
the	O
cheapest	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
were	O
available	O
for	O
around	O
$100	O
(	O
USD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2003	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
entered	O
the	O
disposable	O
camera	O
market	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Ritz	B-Algorithm
Dakota	I-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
1.2-megapixel	O
(	O
1280	O
×	O
960	O
)	O
CMOS-based	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
costing	O
only	O
$11	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
familiar	O
single-use	O
concept	O
long	O
in	O
use	O
with	O
film	O
cameras	O
,	O
Ritz	O
intended	O
the	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
for	O
single	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
similar	O
single-use	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
have	O
appeared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
single-use	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
are	O
nearly	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
Dakota	B-Algorithm
Digital	I-Algorithm
in	O
specifications	O
and	O
function	O
,	O
though	O
a	O
few	O
include	O
superior	O
specifications	O
and	O
more	O
advanced	O
functions	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
higher	O
image	B-Algorithm
resolutions	I-Algorithm
and	O
LCD	O
screens	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
,	O
if	O
not	O
all	O
these	O
single-use	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
cost	O
less	O
than	O
$20	O
,	O
not	O
including	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
huge	O
demand	O
for	O
complex	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
at	O
competitive	O
prices	O
has	O
often	O
caused	O
manufacturing	O
shortcuts	O
,	O
evidenced	O
by	O
a	O
large	O
increase	O
in	O
customer	O
complaints	O
over	O
camera	O
malfunctions	O
,	O
high	O
parts	O
prices	O
,	O
and	O
short	O
service	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
offer	O
only	O
a	O
90-day	O
warranty	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2003	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
have	O
outsold	O
film	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prices	O
of	O
35	O
mm	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
have	O
dropped	O
with	O
manufacturers	O
further	O
outsourcing	O
to	O
countries	O
such	O
as	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2006	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
followed	O
suit	O
and	O
announced	O
they	O
would	O
stop	O
production	O
of	O
all	O
but	O
two	O
models	O
of	O
their	O
film	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
will	O
continue	O
to	O
produce	O
the	O
low-end	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
FM10	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
high-end	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
F6	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
price	O
of	O
35	O
mm	O
and	O
Advanced	O
Photo	O
System	O
(	O
APS	O
)	O
compact	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
have	O
dropped	O
,	O
probably	O
due	O
to	O
direct	O
competition	O
from	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
and	O
the	O
resulting	O
availability	O
of	O
second-hand	O
film	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pentax	B-Application
have	O
reduced	O
but	O
not	O
halted	O
production	O
of	O
film	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
not	O
known	O
if	O
these	O
job	O
losses	O
in	O
the	O
film	O
industry	O
have	O
been	O
offset	O
in	O
the	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
have	O
decimated	O
the	O
film	O
photography	O
industry	O
through	O
the	O
declining	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
expensive	O
film	O
rolls	O
and	O
development	O
chemicals	O
previously	O
required	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
photos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
sales	O
peaked	O
in	O
March	O
2012	O
,	O
averaging	O
about	O
11	O
million	O
units	O
a	O
month	O
,	O
but	O
sales	O
have	O
declined	O
significantly	O
ever	O
since	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
competitor	O
is	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
most	O
of	O
which	O
have	O
built-in	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
and	O
are	O
routinely	O
improved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
most	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
they	O
also	O
offer	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
record	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
smartphones	B-Application
continue	O
to	O
improve	O
on	O
a	O
technical	O
level	O
,	O
their	O
form	O
factor	O
is	O
not	O
optimized	O
for	O
use	O
as	O
a	O
camera	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
battery	O
life	O
is	O
typically	O
more	O
limited	O
compared	O
to	O
a	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
has	O
resulted	O
in	O
some	O
positive	O
market	O
impacts	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
increasing	O
popularity	O
of	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
digital	B-Algorithm
photo	I-Algorithm
frames	I-Algorithm
and	O
canvas	O
prints	O
is	O
a	O
direct	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
increasing	O
popularity	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
has	O
made	O
photography	O
available	O
to	O
a	O
larger	O
group	O
of	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
,	O
amateur	O
photographers	O
used	O
either	O
print	O
or	O
slide	O
film	O
for	O
their	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Slides	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
developed	O
and	O
shown	O
to	O
an	O
audience	O
using	O
a	O
slide	B-Device
projector	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
eliminated	O
the	O
delay	O
and	O
cost	O
of	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consumers	O
became	O
able	O
to	O
view	O
,	O
transfer	O
,	O
edit	O
,	O
and	O
distribute	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
with	O
ordinary	O
home	O
computers	O
rather	O
than	O
using	O
specialized	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
set	O
their	O
smartphones	B-Application
to	O
upload	O
products	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
preserving	O
images	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
camera	O
is	O
destroyed	O
or	O
the	O
photos	O
deleted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
high-street	O
photography	O
shops	O
have	O
self-service	O
kiosks	O
that	O
allow	O
images	O
to	O
be	O
printed	O
directly	O
from	O
smartphones	B-Application
via	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
technology	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
film	O
and	O
print	O
which	O
are	O
tangible	O
,	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
storage	O
is	O
ever-changing	O
,	O
with	O
old	O
media	O
and	O
decoding	O
software	O
becoming	O
obsolete	O
or	O
inaccessible	O
by	O
new	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
recommend	O
that	O
professional	O
and	O
amateur	O
users	O
develop	O
strategies	O
for	O
digital	O
preservation	O
by	O
migrating	O
stored	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
from	O
old	O
technologies	O
to	O
new	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scrapbookers	O
who	O
may	O
have	O
used	O
film	O
for	O
creating	O
artistic	O
and	O
personal	O
memoirs	O
may	O
need	O
to	O
modify	O
their	O
approach	O
to	O
use	O
and	O
personalize	O
digital	B-Application
photo	I-Application
books	O
,	O
thereby	O
retaining	O
the	O
special	O
qualities	O
of	O
traditional	O
photo	O
albums	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
photo	B-Algorithm
sharing	I-Algorithm
sites	I-Algorithm
such	O
as	O
Flickr	B-Algorithm
,	O
Picasa	B-Application
,	O
and	O
PhotoBucket	B-Algorithm
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
social	O
websites	O
,	O
are	O
used	O
by	O
millions	O
of	O
people	O
to	O
share	O
their	O
pictures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
and	O
social	O
media	O
allow	O
organizations	O
and	O
corporations	O
to	O
make	O
photographs	O
more	O
accessible	O
to	O
a	O
greater	O
and	O
more	O
diverse	O
population	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
has	O
also	O
impacted	O
other	O
fields	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
medicine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
digital	O
art	O
and	O
media	O
art	O
,	O
digital	B-Application
photos	I-Application
are	O
often	O
edited	O
,	O
manipulated	O
,	O
or	O
combined	O
with	O
other	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scanography	O
is	O
a	O
related	O
process	O
in	O
which	O
digital	B-Application
photos	I-Application
are	O
created	O
using	O
a	O
scanner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
technology	O
in	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
and	O
computer	O
editing	O
affects	O
the	O
way	O
photographic	O
images	O
are	O
now	O
perceived	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
fabricate	B-Architecture
realistic	O
imagery	O
digitally	O
—	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
untouched	O
photos	O
—	O
changes	O
the	O
audience	O
's	O
perception	O
of	O
"	O
truth	O
"	O
in	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
,	O
photographs	O
became	O
less	O
destructible	O
and	O
more	O
easily	O
maintained	O
throughout	O
the	O
years	O
,	O
living	O
across	O
all	O
types	O
of	O
digital	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
advanced	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
photos	O
for	O
communication	O
and	O
identity	O
rather	O
than	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
remembering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Widespread	O
access	O
to	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
has	O
greatly	O
influenced	O
social	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Filters	B-Algorithm
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
social	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
reflect	O
the	O
nostalgic	O
gap	O
left	O
by	O
the	O
disappearance	O
of	O
film	O
photography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Filters	B-Algorithm
that	O
emulated	O
traditional	O
analog	O
effects	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
film	O
grain	O
,	O
scratches	O
,	O
fading	O
,	O
and	O
polaroid	O
borders	O
)	O
grew	O
immensely	O
in	O
popularity	O
alongside	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
social	O
photography	O
,	O
the	O
causal	O
sharing	O
of	O
everyday	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
and	O
development	O
continues	O
to	O
refine	O
the	O
lighting	O
,	O
optics	O
,	O
sensors	O
,	O
processing	O
,	O
storage	O
,	O
display	O
,	O
and	O
software	O
used	O
in	O
digital	B-Application
photography	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
models	O
can	O
be	O
created	B-Algorithm
from	I-Algorithm
collections	I-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
normal	I-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
is	O
Microsoft	B-Application
's	I-Application
Photosynth	I-Application
,	O
which	O
provided	O
some	O
models	O
of	O
famous	O
places	O
as	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cameras	O
feature	O
a	O
3D	O
Panorama	O
capability	O
,	O
combining	O
shots	O
taken	O
with	O
a	O
single	B-Algorithm
lens	I-Algorithm
from	O
different	O
angles	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
depth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual-reality	B-Application
photography	I-Application
,	O
the	O
interactive	O
visualization	O
of	O
photos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
advanced	O
cameras	O
or	O
camcorders	O
,	O
manipulating	O
the	O
sensitivity	O
of	O
the	O
sensor	O
with	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
neutral	O
density	O
filters	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dust	O
reduction	O
systems	O
help	O
keep	O
dust	O
off	O
of	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
introduced	O
only	O
by	O
a	O
few	O
cameras	O
like	O
Olympus	O
DSLRs	B-Device
,	O
they	O
have	O
now	O
become	O
standard	O
in	O
most	O
models	O
and	O
brands	O
of	O
detachable	O
lens	O
cameras	O
,	O
except	O
the	O
low-end	O
or	O
cheap	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
areas	O
of	O
progress	O
include	O
improved	O
sensors	O
,	O
more	O
powerful	O
software	O
,	O
advanced	O
camera	O
processors	O
(	O
sometimes	O
using	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
processor	O
;	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
Canon	B-Algorithm
7D	I-Algorithm
camera	O
has	O
two	O
Digic	O
4	O
processors	O
)	O
,	O
enlarged	O
gamut	O
displays	O
,	O
built-in	O
GPS	O
and	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
and	O
computer-controlled	O
lighting	O
.	O
</s>
