<s>
The	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
refers	O
to	O
the	O
radio	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
which	O
is	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
transition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
television	O
broadcasters	O
switch	O
from	O
analog	O
TV	O
to	O
digital-only	O
platforms	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
electromagnetic	O
spectrum	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
broadcasting	O
will	O
be	O
freed-up	O
because	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
needs	O
less	O
spectrum	O
than	O
analog	O
television	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
reason	O
is	O
that	O
new	O
digital	O
video	O
compression	O
technology	O
can	O
transmit	O
numerous	O
digital	B-Device
subchannels	I-Device
using	O
the	O
same	O
amount	O
of	O
spectrum	O
used	O
to	O
transmit	O
one	O
analog	O
TV	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
primary	O
reason	O
is	O
that	O
digital	O
transmissions	O
require	O
much	O
less	O
of	O
a	O
guard	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
on	O
either	O
side	O
,	O
since	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
nearly	O
as	O
prone	O
to	O
RF	O
interference	O
from	O
adjacent	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
any	O
need	O
to	O
leave	O
empty	O
channels	O
to	O
protect	O
stations	O
from	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
in	O
turn	O
allowing	O
stations	O
to	O
be	O
repacked	O
into	O
fewer	O
channels	O
,	O
leaving	O
more	O
contiguous	O
spectrum	O
to	O
be	O
allocated	B-Algorithm
for	O
other	O
wireless	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
usually	O
locates	O
at	O
frequency	O
bands	O
from	O
174	O
to	O
230MHz	O
(	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
)	O
and	O
from	O
470	O
to	O
862MHz	O
(	O
UHF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
location	O
and	O
size	O
of	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
vary	O
among	O
countries	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
factors	O
including	O
geographical	O
position	O
and	O
penetration	O
of	O
satellite/cable	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
technological	O
transition	O
,	O
a	O
significant	O
number	O
of	O
governments	O
are	O
now	O
planning	O
for	O
or	O
allocating	O
their	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividends	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
countries	O
where	O
the	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
transition	O
has	O
not	O
yet	O
finished	O
,	O
over-the-air	O
broadcasting	O
services	O
are	O
still	O
using	O
radio-frequency	O
spectrum	O
in	O
what	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Very	B-Algorithm
High	I-Algorithm
Frequency	I-Algorithm
(	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
)	O
and	O
Ultra	O
High	O
Frequency	O
(	O
UHF	O
)	O
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
completion	O
of	O
digital	O
transition	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
this	O
spectrum	O
will	O
be	O
released	O
as	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
to	O
provide	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
new	O
communication	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
countries	O
favour	O
using	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
for	O
electronic	O
communications	O
services	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
communications	O
and	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
broadband	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
proposal	O
to	O
utilize	O
the	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
is	O
to	O
develop	O
an	O
international	O
mobile	O
service	O
using	O
frequencies	O
which	O
will	O
be	O
released	O
after	O
the	O
completion	O
of	O
digital	O
transition	O
in	O
a	O
global	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
part	O
spectrum	O
suits	O
for	O
3G	B-Architecture
mobile	I-Architecture
telecommunication	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
difficult	O
to	O
fully	O
realize	O
the	O
potentials	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
because	O
countries	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
will	O
not	O
finish	O
the	O
switch	O
to	O
digital	B-Application
TV	I-Application
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
allocations	O
set	O
a	O
framework	O
,	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
dictate	O
member	O
countries	O
how	O
to	O
allocate	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Experts	O
see	O
several	O
benefits	O
of	O
using	O
the	O
freed	O
spectrum	O
for	O
mobile	O
broadband	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
cheaper	O
than	O
fixed	O
broadband	O
to	O
provide	O
last	B-Protocol
mile	I-Protocol
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
McKinsey	O
's	O
report	O
suggested	O
that	O
every	O
10%	O
increase	O
in	O
household	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
penetration	I-General_Concept
will	O
bring	O
1.4	O
%	O
increase	O
of	O
GDP	O
growth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
good	O
thing	O
about	O
mobile	O
broadband	O
is	O
that	O
mobile	O
penetration	O
is	O
much	O
higher	O
than	O
PC	O
penetration	O
,	O
that	O
means	O
mobile	O
broadband	O
will	O
help	O
to	O
the	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
penetration	I-General_Concept
to	O
increase	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
researchers	O
argued	O
that	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
could	O
provide	O
opportunity	O
to	O
bridging	O
the	O
digital	O
divide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
a	O
profitable	O
roll	O
out	O
of	O
fixed	B-Application
line	I-Application
broadband	O
infrastructure	O
is	O
not	O
feasible	O
because	O
the	O
necessary	O
investments	O
to	O
cover	O
the	O
long	O
distances	O
are	O
too	O
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
broadband	I-General_Concept
using	O
the	O
spectrum	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
offers	O
an	O
opportunity	O
to	O
overcome	O
the	O
digital	O
divide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
transmission	O
demands	O
grow	O
at	O
current	O
rates	O
,	O
a	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
broadband	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
network	O
covering	O
large	O
areas	O
will	O
be	O
likely	O
outdated	O
before	O
being	O
deployed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
this	O
chunk	O
of	O
spectrum	O
perfect	O
for	O
either	O
cellular	O
or	O
long-range	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
broadband	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Block	O
C	O
was	O
the	O
prime	O
spectrum	O
that	O
Verizon	B-Application
and	O
others	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Google	O
,	O
were	O
interested	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Verizon	B-Application
Wireless	I-Application
and	O
U.S.	O
Cellular	O
Corp	O
.	O
got	O
25	O
licenses	O
each	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
notable	O
winners	O
included	O
CenturyTel	B-Application
Inc	I-Application
.	O
and	O
Cellular	O
South	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Verizon	B-Application
Wireless	I-Application
's	O
licenses	O
mainly	O
covered	O
densely	O
populated	O
urban	O
areas	O
,	O
while	O
U.S.	O
Cellular	O
was	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
ones	O
for	O
the	O
Midwest	O
,	O
Northeast	O
and	O
Northwest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Verizon	B-Application
Wireless	I-Application
scooped	O
up	O
77	O
B-Block	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Verizon	B-Application
Wireless	I-Application
paid	O
more	O
than	O
$4.6	O
billion	O
for	O
licenses	O
covering	O
the	O
contiguous	O
48	O
states	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Hawaii	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Verizon	B-Application
Wireless	I-Application
's	O
winnings	O
covered	O
seven	O
of	O
the	O
10	O
regional	O
C-Block	O
licenses	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
77	O
licenses	O
in	O
the	O
B	O
Block	O
and	O
25	O
licenses	O
in	O
the	O
A	O
Block	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regional	O
telecom	O
operator	O
CenturyTel	B-Application
Inc	I-Application
.	O
spent	O
close	O
to	O
$150	O
million	O
for	O
48	O
B-Block	O
licenses	O
and	O
21	O
A-Block	O
licenses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
visions	O
of	O
trans-European	O
4G	B-Architecture
mobile	I-Architecture
wireless	O
,	O
economists	O
predict	O
that	O
it	O
will	O
bring	O
€50	O
billion	O
economic	O
growth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
utilize	O
the	O
full	O
benefit	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
European	O
countries	O
at	O
least	O
have	O
two	O
steps	O
to	O
take	O
:	O
first	O
,	O
all	O
member	O
states	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
are	O
requested	O
to	O
make	O
sure	O
that	O
the	O
switchover	O
to	O
digital	O
transmission	O
technologies	O
will	O
be	O
completed	O
by	O
1	O
January	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
complete	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
should	O
be	O
made	O
available	O
for	O
communication	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EU	O
published	O
a	O
schedule	O
table	O
in	O
the	O
2009	O
Report	O
for	O
the	O
European	O
Commission	O
'	O
Exploiting	O
the	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
 '	O
–	O
a	O
European	O
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
transition	O
has	O
been	O
completed	O
in	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
member	O
states	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Canada	O
,	O
the	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
auction	O
was	O
held	O
in	O
2014	O
to	O
allocate	O
108MHz	O
of	O
spectrum	O
from	O
698	O
to	O
804MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kordia	O
found	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
for	O
126MHz	O
of	O
UHF	O
spectrum	O
to	O
be	O
released	O
as	O
a	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Australia	O
needs	O
to	O
align	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
allocations	I-Algorithm
with	O
other	O
major	O
developed	O
countries	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
the	O
political	O
and	O
technological	O
considerations	O
Australia	O
government	O
's	O
target	O
digital	B-Architecture
dividend	I-Architecture
is	O
126MHz	O
of	O
contiguous	O
UHF	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
