<s>
A	O
digital	B-Application
collectible	I-Application
card	I-Application
game	I-Application
(	O
DCCG	B-Application
)	O
or	O
online	B-Application
collectible	I-Application
card	I-Application
game	I-Application
(	O
OCCG	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
or	O
video	O
game	O
that	O
emulates	O
collectible	O
card	O
games	O
(	O
CCG	O
)	O
and	O
is	O
typically	O
played	O
online	O
or	O
occasionally	O
as	O
a	O
standalone	O
video	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
DCCGs	B-Application
are	O
types	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
tabletop	I-Application
games	I-Application
and	O
follow	O
traditional	O
card	O
game-style	O
rules	O
,	O
while	O
some	O
DCCGs	B-Application
use	O
alternatives	O
for	O
cards	O
and	O
gameboards	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
icons	O
,	O
dice	B-Language
and	O
avatars	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
,	O
DCCGs	B-Application
started	O
out	O
as	O
replications	O
of	O
a	O
CCG	O
's	O
physical	O
counterpart	O
,	O
but	O
many	O
DCCGs	B-Application
have	O
foregone	O
a	O
physical	O
version	O
and	O
exclusively	O
release	O
as	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
with	O
Hearthstone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
games	O
manage	O
all	O
the	O
rules	O
of	O
a	O
CCG	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
tracking	O
the	O
avatar	B-Application
's	O
health	O
,	O
removing	O
damaged	O
creatures	O
from	O
the	O
board	O
,	O
and	O
shuffling	O
decks	O
when	O
necessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
games	O
,	O
like	O
Chaotic	O
,	O
Bella	B-Application
Sara	I-Application
,	O
and	O
MapleStory	B-Protocol
allow	O
online	O
players	O
to	O
enter	O
a	O
unique	O
alpha-numeric	O
code	O
found	O
on	O
each	O
physical	O
card	O
as	O
to	O
redeem	O
the	O
card	O
in	O
the	O
online	O
version	O
or	O
access	O
other	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
cases	O
,	O
primarily	O
single	O
player	O
games	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
existing	O
physical	O
property	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
made	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Color	I-Device
version	O
of	O
the	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Trading	I-Application
Card	I-Application
Game	I-Application
and	O
Magic	B-Language
:	I-Language
The	I-Language
Gathering	I-Language
–	I-Language
Duels	I-Language
of	I-Language
the	I-Language
Planeswalkers	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
DCCGs	B-Application
follow	O
rules	O
that	O
exist	O
for	O
real-world	O
implementations	O
of	O
CCGs	O
,	O
simply	O
played	O
out	O
in	O
the	O
virtual	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
games	O
like	O
Hearthstone	B-Application
have	O
gameplay	O
elements	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
impractical	O
or	O
impossible	O
to	O
perform	O
in	O
a	O
real-world	O
game	O
but	O
is	O
easily	O
done	O
within	O
the	O
digital	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Hearthstone	B-Application
has	O
a	O
"	O
Discover	O
"	O
keyword	O
that	O
lets	O
players	O
temporarily	O
obtain	O
cards	O
from	O
across	O
the	O
entire	O
Hearthstone	B-Application
library	O
for	O
the	O
duration	O
of	O
a	O
match	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
own	O
that	O
card	O
yet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
DCCGs	B-Application
,	O
video	O
games	O
had	O
used	O
both	O
card-based	B-Application
mechanics	I-Application
(	O
such	O
as	O
Dragon	O
Ball	O
:	O
Daimaō	O
Fukkatsu	O
in	O
1988	O
)	O
and	O
collection-based	O
mechanics	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Megami	B-Application
Tensei	I-Application
(	O
1987	O
)	O
,	O
Dragon	B-Application
Quest	I-Application
V	I-Application
(	O
1992	O
)	O
and	O
Pokémon	B-Application
(	O
1996	O
)	O
,	O
all	O
based	O
on	O
collecting	O
monsters	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Super	B-Application
Famicom	I-Application
card-battle/role	O
-playing	O
game	O
Dragon	O
Ball	O
Z	O
:	O
Super	O
Saiya	O
Densetsu	O
(	O
1992	O
)	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Dragon	O
Ball	O
Carddass	O
series	O
,	O
is	O
considered	O
an	O
early	O
precursor	O
to	O
the	O
DCCG	B-Application
,	O
as	O
it	O
allowed	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
collect	O
,	O
buy	O
and	O
sell	O
cards	O
within	O
the	O
game	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
card	O
battles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tabletop-based	O
CCGs	O
came	O
about	O
in	O
1993	O
with	O
Magic	B-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Gathering	I-Application
by	O
Wizards	O
of	O
the	O
Coast	O
which	O
became	O
a	O
phenomenon	O
that	O
year	O
in	O
the	O
traditional	O
game	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DCCGs	B-Application
evolved	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
CCG	O
players	O
to	O
challenge	O
each	O
other	O
online	O
rather	O
than	O
in	O
person	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
to	O
provide	O
computerized	O
opponents	O
so	O
that	O
players	O
could	O
play	O
these	O
CCGs	O
by	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
DCCG	B-Application
games	O
eventually	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
examples	O
of	O
DCCG	B-Application
games	O
include	O
Magic	B-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Gathering	I-Application
(	O
1997	O
)	O
,	O
Chron	B-Application
X	I-Application
(	O
1997	O
)	O
,	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Trading	I-Application
Card	I-Application
Game	I-Application
(	O
1998	O
)	O
,	O
Yu-Gi-Oh	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Duel	O
Monsters	O
(	O
1998	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Sanctum	B-Application
(	O
1998	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Magic	B-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Gathering	I-Application
and	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Trading	I-Application
Card	I-Application
Game	I-Application
were	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
physical	O
CCG	O
counterparts	O
,	O
Yu-Gi-Oh	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
1996	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Chron	B-Application
X	I-Application
and	O
Sanctum	B-Application
were	O
original	O
DCCG	B-Application
games	O
with	O
no	O
physical	O
CCG	O
counterpart	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
online	O
CCGs	O
were	O
Sanctum	B-Application
and	O
Chron	B-Application
X	I-Application
,	O
both	O
developed	O
in	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sanctum	B-Application
was	O
taken	O
offline	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
since	O
returned	O
due	O
to	O
fan	O
intervention	O
;	O
Chron	B-Application
X	I-Application
still	O
exists	O
,	O
producing	O
new	O
expansions	O
over	O
a	O
decade	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chron	B-Application
X	I-Application
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Genetic	O
Anomalies	O
,	O
Inc	O
,	O
which	O
later	O
developed	O
other	O
DCCG-like	O
games	O
based	O
on	O
licensed	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DCCG	B-Application
games	O
first	O
gained	O
mainstream	O
success	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
where	O
online	O
card	O
battle	O
games	O
are	O
a	O
common	O
genre	O
of	O
free-to-play	O
browser	B-Protocol
games	I-Protocol
and	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monster-collecting	O
Japanese	O
RPGs	O
such	O
as	O
Dragon	B-Application
Quest	I-Application
V	I-Application
and	O
Pokémon	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
manga	O
Yu-Gi-Oh	O
,	O
were	O
adapted	O
into	O
successful	O
physical	O
CCG	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Trading	I-Application
Card	I-Application
Game	I-Application
and	O
Yu-Gi-Oh	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Trading	O
Card	O
Game	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
inspired	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
Japanese	O
developers	O
to	O
produce	O
digital	O
CCG	O
games	O
,	O
including	O
adaptations	O
such	O
as	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Trading	I-Application
Card	I-Application
Game	I-Application
and	O
Yu-Gi-Oh	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
video	O
games	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
original	O
DCCG	B-Application
games	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
minigame	O
Triple	B-Application
Triad	I-Application
in	O
Final	B-Application
Fantasy	I-Application
VIII	I-Application
(	O
1999	O
)	O
,	O
Tetra	O
Master	O
(	O
2002	O
)	O
which	O
debuted	O
as	O
a	O
minigame	O
in	O
Final	B-Application
Fantasy	I-Application
IX	I-Application
(	O
2000	O
)	O
before	O
becoming	O
an	O
online	O
multiplayer	O
game	O
for	O
the	O
PlayOnline	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
Mega	B-Application
Man	I-Application
Battle	I-Application
Chip	I-Application
Challenge	I-Application
(	O
2003	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
Wizards	O
of	O
the	O
Coast	O
had	O
seen	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
games	O
like	O
Chron	B-Application
X	I-Application
and	O
Sanctum	B-Application
,	O
and	O
initially	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
a	O
small	O
development	O
firm	O
Leaping	O
Lizard	O
,	O
built	O
out	O
Magic	B-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Gathering	I-Application
Online	I-Application
(	O
MTGO	B-Application
)	O
,	O
an	O
online	O
multiplayer	O
client	O
for	O
Magic	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
2002	O
which	O
players	O
could	O
spend	O
money	O
and	O
win	O
games	O
to	O
build	O
out	O
card	O
collections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MTGO	B-Application
had	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
growing	O
pains	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
,	O
but	O
remains	O
an	O
active	O
service	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
one	O
point	O
for	O
entry	O
for	O
several	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
live	O
Magic	B-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Gathering	I-Application
tournaments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
World	B-Application
Club	I-Application
Champion	I-Application
Football	I-Application
(	O
2002	O
)	O
,	O
Mushiking	B-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
King	I-Application
of	I-Application
Beetles	I-Application
(	O
2003	O
)	O
,	O
Oshare	B-Application
Majo	I-Application
:	I-Application
Love	I-Application
and	I-Application
Berry	I-Application
(	O
2004	O
)	O
,	O
Dinosaur	B-Application
King	I-Application
(	O
2005	O
)	O
,	O
Sangokushi	B-Application
Taisen	I-Application
(	O
2005	O
)	O
,	O
Dragon	B-Application
Quest	I-Application
:	I-Application
Monster	I-Application
Battle	I-Application
Road	I-Application
(	O
2007	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Lord	B-Application
of	I-Application
Vermilion	I-Application
(	O
2008	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
example	O
of	O
this	O
hybrid	O
game	O
include	O
Phantasy	B-Application
Star	I-Application
Online	I-Application
Episode	I-Application
III	I-Application
:	O
C.A.R.D.	O
</s>
<s>
Revolution	O
(	O
2003	O
)	O
,	O
Baten	B-Application
Kaitos	I-Application
(	O
2003	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Metal	B-Application
Gear	I-Application
Acid	I-Application
(	O
2004	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kingdom	B-Application
Hearts	I-Application
:	I-Application
Chain	I-Application
of	I-Application
Memories	I-Application
(	O
2004	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
role-playing	O
game	O
where	O
the	O
combat	O
mechanic	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
attacks	O
pulled	O
from	O
a	O
deck	O
of	O
cards	O
constructed	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
combat	O
rounds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
Phantom	B-Application
Dust	I-Application
(	O
2004	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
third-person	O
shooter	O
,	O
but	O
where	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
attack	O
and	O
defense	O
abilities	O
were	O
randomly	O
selected	O
from	O
a	O
customized	O
"	O
arsenal	O
"	O
of	O
powers	O
that	O
they	O
collected	O
through	O
the	O
course	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
examples	O
of	O
CCG-hybrid	O
games	O
include	O
Forced	B-Application
:	I-Application
Showdown	I-Application
,	O
Hand	B-Application
of	I-Application
Fate	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Card	B-Operating_System
Hunter	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
success	O
of	O
Cygames	O
 '	O
Rage	B-Application
of	I-Application
Bahamut	I-Application
established	O
DCCG	B-Application
games	O
as	O
a	O
popular	O
genre	O
in	O
mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
,	O
leading	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
DCCG	B-Application
games	O
being	O
developed	O
for	O
mobile	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
DCCG	B-Application
game	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
major	O
success	O
in	O
the	O
Western	O
world	O
,	O
becoming	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
top-grossing	O
mobile	B-Application
games	I-Application
of	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DCCG	B-Application
games	O
with	O
significant	O
populations	O
of	O
players	O
include	O
The	B-Application
Idolmaster	I-Application
Cinderella	I-Application
Girls	I-Application
,	O
Kantai	B-Application
Collection	I-Application
and	O
Million	O
Arthur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2012	O
,	O
Cinderella	B-Application
Girls	I-Application
was	O
earning	O
over	O
one	O
billion	O
yen	O
in	O
revenue	O
monthly	O
,	O
whilst	O
Kantai	B-Application
Collection	I-Application
has	O
grown	O
to	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
million	O
players	O
throughout	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bulk	O
of	O
DCCG	B-Application
programs	O
however	O
are	O
not	O
specific	O
to	O
any	O
brand	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
LackeyCCG	B-Application
and	O
Gccg	O
or	O
general	O
game	O
simulators	O
like	O
Tabletop	B-Application
Simulator	I-Application
,	O
though	O
the	O
legality	O
of	O
these	O
systems	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
CCG	O
's	O
copyright	O
is	O
dubious	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blizzard	O
Entertainment	O
released	O
Hearthstone	B-Application
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Loosely	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
World	O
of	O
Warcraft	O
CCG	O
,	O
Hearthstone	B-Application
features	O
one-on-one	O
match	O
between	O
players	O
with	O
custom	O
made	O
decks	O
,	O
built	O
from	O
a	O
player	O
's	O
collection	O
of	O
digital	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2015	O
,	O
Hearthstone	B-Application
had	O
an	O
estimated	O
$20	O
million	O
in	O
revenues	O
per	O
month	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
April	O
2016	O
,	O
had	O
more	O
than	O
50	O
million	O
unique	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hearthstones	B-Application
success	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
similar	O
digital-only	O
CCGs	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wizards	O
of	O
the	O
Coast	O
announced	O
in	O
early	O
2017	O
that	O
they	O
plan	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
new	O
studio	O
to	O
adapt	O
the	O
Magic	B-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Gathering	I-Application
game	O
into	O
a	O
digital	O
format	O
similar	O
to	O
Hearthstone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Titled	O
Magic	B-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Gathering	I-Application
Arena	I-Application
,	O
it	O
entered	O
closed	O
beta	O
testing	O
in	O
early	O
2018	O
,	O
and	O
over	O
time	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
replace	O
MTGO	B-Application
as	O
the	O
main	O
online	O
game	O
for	O
Magic	O
tournament	O
play	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-Application
card	I-Application
game	I-Application
market	O
was	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
as	O
large	O
as	O
$1.4	O
billion	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
market	O
analysis	O
firm	O
SuperData	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hearthstone	B-Application
encouraged	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
digital	O
CCGs	O
Gwent	B-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Witcher	I-Application
Card	I-Application
Game	I-Application
and	O
The	B-Application
Elder	I-Application
Scrolls	I-Application
:	I-Application
Legends	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shadowverse	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
compared	O
favorably	O
with	O
Hearthstone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
online	O
card	O
games	O
Sanctum	B-Application
and	O
Star	B-Application
Chamber	I-Application
include	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
different	O
case	O
,	O
The	B-Application
Eye	I-Application
of	I-Application
Judgment	I-Application
,	O
a	O
CCG	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
combined	O
with	O
a	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
game	O
,	O
bringing	O
innovation	O
with	O
the	O
CyberCode	O
matrix	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allows	O
real	O
cards	O
bought	O
in	O
stores	O
to	O
be	O
scanned	O
with	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
Eye	I-Device
and	O
brought	O
into	O
the	O
game	O
with	O
3D	O
creatures	O
,	O
animations	O
,	O
spell	O
animations	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hearthstone	B-Application
uses	O
mechanics	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
difficult	O
or	O
impossible	O
to	O
recreate	O
in	O
a	O
physical	O
setting	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
cards	O
that	O
allow	O
players	O
to	O
draw	O
a	O
random	O
card	O
from	O
the	O
entire	O
card	O
library	O
currently	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Valve	O
's	O
Artifact	B-Application
is	O
heavily	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
multiplayer	O
online	O
battle	O
arena	O
game	O
Dota	B-Application
2	I-Application
,	O
and	O
thus	O
features	O
three	O
boards	O
(	O
called	O
"	O
lanes	O
"	O
)	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
usual	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
purchasing	O
boosters	O
with	O
random	O
cards	O
,	O
players	O
purchased	O
specific	O
cards	O
for	O
Artifact	B-Application
from	O
the	O
Steam	B-Application
storefront	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
card	O
economy	O
to	O
be	O
driven	O
by	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gods	O
Unchained	O
by	O
Immutable	O
uses	O
digital	O
cards	O
that	O
are	O
individually	O
tied	O
to	O
blockchain	B-Application
elements	O
(	O
NFTs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
these	O
cards	O
cannot	O
be	O
updated	O
,	O
players	O
can	O
use	O
blockchain	B-Application
transactions	O
to	O
buy	O
,	O
sell	O
,	O
and	O
trade	O
the	O
cards	O
with	O
other	O
players	O
while	O
online	O
and	O
enabling	O
their	O
use	O
offline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
collectible	I-Application
card	I-Application
games	I-Application
are	O
general	O
free-to-play	O
but	O
monetized	O
through	O
booster	O
pack	O
purchases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	O
CCG	O
's	O
like	O
Magic	B-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Gathering	I-Application
had	O
yet	O
to	O
see	O
any	O
legal	O
actions	O
over	O
their	O
booster	O
packs	O
,	O
though	O
certain	O
packaging	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
chase	O
cards	O
had	O
been	O
ruled	O
illegal	O
for	O
sports	O
card	O
trading	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
gaming	I-Application
and	O
streaming	O
viewerships	O
,	O
digital	B-Application
card	I-Application
games	I-Application
are	O
a	O
significant	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SuperData	O
estimated	O
that	O
digital	B-Application
card	I-Application
games	I-Application
will	O
bring	O
over	O
in	O
2018	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
quarter	O
of	O
that	O
from	O
Hearthstone	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
grow	O
to	O
by	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
