<s>
Most	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
support	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
choose	O
among	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
configurations	O
,	O
or	O
modes	B-Algorithm
for	O
use	O
in	O
various	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Professional	O
DSLR	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
provide	O
several	O
manual	O
modes	B-Algorithm
;	O
consumer	O
point-and-shoot	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
emphasize	O
automatic	O
modes	B-Algorithm
;	O
amateur	O
prosumer	O
cameras	O
often	O
have	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
both	O
manual	O
and	O
automatic	O
modes	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manual-enabled	O
modes	B-Algorithm
give	O
the	O
photographer	O
control	O
over	O
the	O
various	O
parameters	O
of	O
exposure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
exposure	O
parameters	O
–	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
,	O
time	O
(	O
shutter	O
speed	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
sensitivity	O
(	O
ISO	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
different	O
modes	B-Algorithm
,	O
these	O
are	O
each	O
set	O
automatically	O
or	O
manually	O
;	O
this	O
gives	O
23	O
=	O
8	O
possible	O
modes	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accordingly	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
many	O
combinations	O
that	O
result	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
exposure	O
–	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
decreasing	O
the	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
by	O
one	O
stop	O
but	O
increasing	O
the	O
exposure	O
time	O
or	O
sensitivity	O
to	O
compensate	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
are	O
various	O
possible	O
algorithms	O
to	O
automatically	O
choose	O
between	O
these	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
often	O
,	O
ISO	O
is	O
considered	O
separately	O
,	O
being	O
either	O
set	O
manually	O
or	O
set	O
to	O
Auto	O
ISO	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
only	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
and	O
shutter	O
speed	O
need	O
be	O
determined	O
–	O
either	O
determines	O
the	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
four	O
main	O
modes	B-Algorithm
,	O
sometimes	O
abbreviated	O
"	O
PASM	O
"	O
,	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
P	O
:	O
Program	B-Device
mode	I-Device
has	O
the	O
camera	O
calculate	O
both	O
shutter	O
speed	O
and	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
(	O
given	O
a	O
manually	O
or	O
automatically	O
selected	O
ISO	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Higher-end	O
cameras	O
offer	O
partial	O
manual	O
control	O
to	O
shift	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
automatically	O
calculated	O
values	O
(	O
increasing	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
and	O
decreasing	O
shutter	O
time	O
or	O
conversely	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
difference	O
between	O
Program	B-Device
mode	I-Device
and	O
Full	O
Auto	O
mode	O
is	O
that	O
in	O
program	B-Device
mode	I-Device
,	O
only	O
the	O
exposure	O
is	O
automatic	O
,	O
while	O
other	O
camera	O
settings	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
or	O
Av	O
:	O
Aperture	B-Algorithm
priority	I-Algorithm
or	O
Aperture	B-General_Concept
value	O
enables	O
manual	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
shutter	O
speed	O
is	O
calculated	O
by	O
the	O
camera	O
for	O
proper	O
exposure	O
(	O
given	O
an	O
ISO	O
sensitivity	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
S	O
or	O
Tv	O
:	O
Shutter	B-Algorithm
priority	I-Algorithm
or	O
Time	O
value	O
enables	O
manual	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
shutter	O
speed	O
,	O
and	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
is	O
calculated	O
by	O
the	O
camera	O
for	O
proper	O
exposure	O
(	O
given	O
an	O
ISO	O
sensitivity	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
M	O
:	O
Manual	O
mode	O
both	O
shutter	O
speed	O
and	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
are	O
independently	O
set	O
manually	O
(	O
with	O
ISO	O
sensitivity	O
also	O
set	O
manually	O
)	O
,	O
where	O
proper	O
image	O
exposure	O
requires	O
accurate	O
manual	O
adjustment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Exposure	O
is	O
further	O
controlled	O
in	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
above	O
modes	B-Algorithm
with	O
an	O
independent	O
setting	O
for	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Ev	O
:	O
Exposure	O
value	O
enables	O
an	O
increase/decrease	O
in	O
image	O
exposure	O
compensation	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
resulting	O
image	O
brighter/darker	O
,	O
typically	O
selectable	O
in	O
steps	O
of	O
whole	O
or	O
partial	O
exposure	O
"	O
stops	O
"	O
(	O
discrete	O
widening/tightening	O
of	O
the	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Less	O
commonly	O
seen	O
modes	B-Algorithm
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Sv	O
:	O
Sensitivity	B-Algorithm
priority	I-Algorithm
or	O
ISO	O
priority	O
controls	O
the	O
Sensitivity	O
value	O
(	O
ISO	O
speed	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
both	O
shutter	O
and	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
calculated	O
by	O
camera	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
Program	B-Device
mode	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
mode	O
is	O
found	O
on	O
some	O
Pentax	O
cameras	O
;	O
on	O
many	O
cameras	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Canon	O
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
)	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
separate	O
mode	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
is	O
accomplished	O
by	O
using	O
Program	B-Device
mode	I-Device
and	O
manually	O
selecting	O
an	O
ISO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TAv	O
:	O
Some	O
Pentax	O
cameras	O
such	O
as	O
Pentax	B-Algorithm
K-50	I-Algorithm
has	O
this	O
mode	O
for	O
rapidly	O
changing	O
lights	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
widest	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
lowest	O
ISO	O
of	O
continuously	O
changing	O
ISO	O
between	O
1,000	O
and	O
3,200	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DEP	O
:	O
DEP	O
(	O
DEPth	O
of	O
field	O
)	O
mode	O
,	O
on	O
some	O
Canon	O
cameras	O
,	O
set	O
the	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
to	O
yield	O
the	O
desired	O
depth	O
of	O
field	O
:	O
one	O
point	O
at	O
the	O
nearest	O
object	O
that	O
one	O
wants	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
focus	O
,	O
half-presses	O
the	O
shutter	O
,	O
then	O
points	O
at	O
the	O
farthest	O
object	O
that	O
one	O
wants	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
focus	O
,	O
half-presses	O
the	O
shutter	O
,	O
at	O
which	O
point	O
the	O
camera	O
sets	O
both	O
focus	O
and	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
so	O
that	O
both	O
objects	O
are	O
in	O
focus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
other	O
modes	B-Algorithm
,	O
this	O
also	O
sets	O
focus	O
and	O
requires	O
two	O
separate	O
metering/focus	O
stages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
,	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
cameras	O
allow	O
one	O
to	O
set	O
the	O
maximum	O
and	O
minimum	O
ISO	O
sensitivities	O
,	O
and	O
slowest	O
shutter	O
speed	O
that	O
will	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
automatic	O
modes	B-Algorithm
,	O
while	O
Canon	O
cameras	O
will	O
select	O
within	O
the	O
fixed	O
range	O
of	O
ISO	O
400	O
–	O
ISO	O
800	O
in	O
Auto	O
ISO	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
cameras	O
,	O
the	O
Auto	O
ISO	O
mode	O
first	O
adjusts	O
the	O
shutter	O
speed	O
,	O
keeping	O
ISO	O
at	O
its	O
minimum	O
desired	O
value	O
,	O
then	O
,	O
when	O
shutter	O
speed	O
reaches	O
the	O
user-defined	O
limit	O
,	O
the	O
ISO	O
is	O
increased	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
maximum	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
automatic	O
modes	B-Algorithm
the	O
camera	O
determines	O
all	O
aspects	O
of	O
exposure	O
,	O
choosing	O
exposure	O
parameters	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
application	O
within	O
the	O
constraints	O
of	O
correct	O
exposure	O
,	O
including	O
exposure	O
,	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
,	O
focusing	O
,	O
light	O
metering	O
,	O
white	O
balance	O
,	O
and	O
equivalent	O
sensitivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
portrait	O
mode	O
,	O
the	O
camera	O
would	O
use	O
a	O
wider	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
to	O
render	O
the	O
background	O
out	O
of	O
focus	O
and	O
would	O
seek	O
out	O
and	O
focus	O
on	O
a	O
human	O
face	O
rather	O
than	O
other	O
image	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
light	O
conditions	O
,	O
a	O
smaller	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
would	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
landscape	O
,	O
and	O
recognition	O
of	O
faces	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
enabled	O
for	O
focusing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cameras	O
have	O
tens	O
of	O
modes	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
cameras	O
do	O
not	O
document	O
exactly	O
what	O
their	O
many	O
modes	B-Algorithm
do	O
;	O
for	O
full	O
mastery	O
of	O
the	O
camera	O
,	O
one	O
must	O
experiment	O
with	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action	O
or	O
sports	O
modes	B-Algorithm
increase	O
ISO	O
and	O
use	O
a	O
faster	O
shutter	O
speed	O
to	O
capture	O
the	O
action	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Landscape	O
modes	B-Algorithm
use	O
a	O
small	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
to	O
gain	O
depth	O
of	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portrait	O
mode	O
widens	O
the	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
to	O
throw	O
the	O
background	O
out	O
of	O
focus	O
(	O
see	O
Bokeh	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Night	O
portrait	O
modes	B-Algorithm
use	O
an	O
exposure	O
long	O
enough	O
to	O
capture	O
background	O
detail	O
,	O
with	O
fill-in	O
flash	O
to	O
illuminate	O
a	O
nearby	O
subject	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fireworks	O
modes	B-Algorithm
,	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
a	O
tripod	O
,	O
use	O
an	O
extended	O
exposure	O
(	O
around	O
four	O
seconds	O
)	O
which	O
results	O
in	O
showing	O
several	O
fireworks	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
their	O
paths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Water	O
modes	B-Algorithm
,	O
depending	O
on	O
what	O
the	O
mode	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
do	O
,	O
will	O
either	O
widen	O
the	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
and	O
increase	O
the	O
shutter	O
speed	O
for	O
an	O
action	O
shot	O
or	O
shrink	O
the	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
and	O
slow	O
down	O
the	O
shutter	O
speed	O
to	O
show	O
the	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
water	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snow	O
modes	B-Algorithm
compensate	O
for	O
the	O
misinformation	O
the	O
white	O
snow	O
gives	O
the	O
light	O
meter	O
and	O
increases	O
exposure	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
properly	O
photograph	O
subjects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Natural	O
light	O
or	O
night	O
snapshot	O
modes	B-Algorithm
attempt	O
to	O
raise	O
the	O
ISO	O
and	O
use	O
a	O
very	O
wide	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
in	O
order	O
to	O
take	O
a	O
photograph	O
using	O
the	O
limited	O
natural	O
light	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
flash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-sensitivity	O
modes	B-Algorithm
use	O
the	O
highest	O
ISO	O
available	O
,	O
albeit	O
at	O
lower	O
resolutions	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
cope	O
with	O
noise	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macro	O
or	O
close-up	O
modes	B-Algorithm
tend	O
to	O
direct	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
focus	O
to	O
be	O
nearer	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
may	O
shrink	O
the	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
and	O
restrict	O
the	O
camera	O
to	O
wide-angle	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
broaden	O
the	O
depth-of-field	O
(	O
to	O
include	O
closer	O
objects	O
)	O
–	O
this	O
last	O
mode	O
of	O
operation	O
is	O
often	O
known	O
as	O
Super	O
Macro	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
'	O
Scene	O
 '	O
or	O
Smart	O
Shutter	O
(	O
SCN	O
)	O
mode	O
(	O
on	O
Canons	O
)	O
which	O
uses	O
face	B-General_Concept
detection	I-General_Concept
to	O
take	O
a	O
picture	O
either	O
when	O
a	O
subject	O
smiles	O
,	O
winks	O
,	O
or	O
when	O
a	O
new	O
subject	O
enters	O
the	O
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sunset	B-Application
modes	B-Algorithm
enhance	O
warm	O
colors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
sunsets	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dusk/Dawn	O
mode	O
,	O
found	O
on	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
compacts	O
,	O
enhance	O
the	O
blue	O
colors	O
of	O
twilights	O
and	O
dawns	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
raise	O
the	O
ISO	O
to	O
compensate	O
for	O
the	O
low	O
levels	O
of	O
the	O
light	O
present	O
then	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beach	O
modes	B-Algorithm
enhance	O
blue	O
colors	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
sea	O
and	O
sky	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
prevent	O
underexposure	O
because	O
of	O
strong	O
sunlight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starry	O
sky	O
mode	O
,	O
on	O
Panasonic	O
compact	O
and	O
bridge	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
gives	O
a	O
long	O
shutter	O
speed	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
60	O
seconds	O
)	O
to	O
capture	O
star	O
trails	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
subjects	O
that	O
require	O
very	O
long	O
exposures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aside	O
from	O
the	O
main	O
modes	B-Algorithm
which	O
control	O
exposure	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
usually	O
other	O
,	O
secondary	O
settings	O
common	O
to	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
drive	O
modes	B-Algorithm
commonly	O
available	O
include	O
self-timer	O
,	O
which	O
takes	O
a	O
picture	O
several	O
seconds	O
after	O
the	O
shutter	O
button	O
is	O
pressed	O
;	O
automatic	O
exposure	O
bracketing	O
,	O
used	O
to	O
take	O
multiple	O
photos	O
each	O
with	O
different	O
exposure	O
settings	O
;	O
and	O
remote	O
shutter	O
mode	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
a	O
remote	O
control	O
accessory	O
to	O
trigger	O
the	O
camera	O
at	O
a	O
distance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
AF	O
systems	O
also	O
include	O
anticipation	O
of	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
moving	O
subjects	O
–	O
Canon	O
calls	O
this	O
AI	B-Application
servo	O
(	O
for	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
)	O
–	O
or	O
can	O
automatically	O
switch	O
between	O
single	O
and	O
continuous	O
depending	O
on	O
whether	O
the	O
subject	O
is	O
moving	O
–	O
Canon	O
calls	O
this	O
"	O
AI	B-Application
focus	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
these	O
"	O
priority	O
"	O
modes	B-Algorithm
should	O
not	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
word	O
in	O
exposure	O
modes	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
digital	B-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
by	O
default	O
autofocus	O
is	O
only	O
activated	O
(	O
AF-on	O
)	O
when	O
the	O
shutter	O
button	O
is	O
pressed	O
halfway	O
down	O
,	O
which	O
helps	O
to	O
preserve	O
battery	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Back	O
button	O
focus	O
gives	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
three	O
main	O
possible	O
focusing	O
modes	B-Algorithm
:	O
manual	O
focus	O
,	O
single	O
focus	O
,	O
and	O
continuous	O
focus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flash	O
modes	B-Algorithm
allow	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
choose	O
between	O
common	O
settings	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
Fill	O
flash	O
,	O
to	O
always	O
use	O
flash	O
;	O
Auto	O
flash	O
,	O
which	O
will	O
use	O
flash	O
in	O
low-lit	O
areas	O
;	O
Red-eye	O
reduction	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
flash	O
once	O
before	O
the	O
actual	O
photo	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
shrink	O
the	O
subject	O
's	O
pupils	O
and	O
reduce	O
red-eye	O
;	O
or	O
,	O
Flash	O
off	O
,	O
which	O
will	O
never	O
use	O
flash	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
also	O
sometimes	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
scenery	O
mode	O
,	O
macro	O
modes	B-Algorithm
are	O
often	O
not	O
used	O
with	O
the	O
scene	B-Device
mode	I-Device
and	O
rather	O
only	O
change	O
the	O
focus	O
area	O
and	O
nothing	O
else	O
.	O
</s>
