<s>
Digital	B-Algorithm
artifact	I-Algorithm
in	O
information	O
science	O
,	O
is	O
any	O
undesired	O
or	O
unintended	O
alteration	O
in	O
data	O
introduced	O
in	O
a	O
digital	O
process	O
by	O
an	O
involved	O
technique	O
and/or	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Algorithm
artifact	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
of	O
any	O
content	O
types	O
including	O
text	O
,	O
audio	O
,	O
video	O
,	O
image	O
,	O
animation	O
or	O
a	O
combination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
information	O
science	O
,	O
digital	B-Algorithm
artifacts	I-Algorithm
result	O
from	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware	O
malfunction	O
:	O
In	O
computer	O
graphics	O
,	O
visual	B-Algorithm
artifacts	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
generated	O
whenever	O
a	O
hardware	O
component	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
processor	O
,	O
memory	O
chip	O
,	O
cabling	O
malfunctions	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
corrupts	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
malfunctions	O
include	O
physical	O
damage	O
,	O
overheating	O
,	O
insufficient	O
voltage	O
and	O
GPU	B-Architecture
overclocking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
types	O
of	O
hardware	O
artifacts	B-Algorithm
are	O
texture	O
corruption	O
and	O
T-vertices	O
in	O
3D	O
graphics	O
,	O
and	O
pixelization	O
in	O
MPEG	O
compressed	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
malfunction	O
:	O
Artifacts	B-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
caused	O
by	O
algorithm	O
flaws	O
such	O
as	O
decoding/encoding	O
audio	O
or	O
video	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
poor	O
pseudo-random	O
number	O
generator	O
that	O
would	O
introduce	O
artifacts	B-Algorithm
distinguishable	O
from	O
the	O
desired	O
noise	O
into	O
statistical	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compression	B-Algorithm
:	O
Controlled	O
amounts	O
of	O
unwanted	O
information	O
may	O
be	O
generated	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
artifacts	B-Algorithm
seen	O
in	O
JPEG	O
and	O
MPEG	O
compression	B-Algorithm
algorithms	O
that	O
produce	O
compression	B-Algorithm
artifacts	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quantization	B-Algorithm
:	O
Digital	O
imprecision	O
generated	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
converting	O
analog	O
information	O
into	O
digital	O
space	O
,	O
is	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
limited	O
granularity	O
of	O
digital	O
numbering	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
computer	O
graphics	O
,	O
quantization	B-Algorithm
is	O
seen	O
as	O
pixelation	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aliasing	B-Error_Name
:	O
As	O
a	O
consequence	O
of	O
sampling	B-Algorithm
or	O
sample-rate	O
conversion	O
,	O
energy	O
from	O
frequencies	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
signal	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
of	O
interest	O
are	O
folded	O
across	O
multiples	O
of	O
the	O
Nyquist	O
frequency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
typically	O
mitigated	O
by	O
using	O
an	O
anti-aliasing	O
filter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Filtering	O
:	O
The	O
process	O
of	O
filtering	O
a	O
signal	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
using	O
an	O
anti-aliasing	O
filter	O
,	O
causes	O
undesired	O
alterations	O
to	O
the	O
signal	O
due	O
to	O
imperfections	O
in	O
the	O
frequency	O
response	O
magnitude	O
and	O
phase	O
,	O
and	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
time	O
domain	O
impulse	O
response	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Error	B-Algorithm
diffusion	I-Algorithm
:	O
poorly-weighted	O
kernel	O
coefficients	O
result	O
in	O
undesirable	O
visual	B-Algorithm
artifacts	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
