<s>
Digital	B-Protocol
Visual	I-Protocol
Interface	I-Protocol
(	O
DVI	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
a	O
video	O
display	O
interface	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Digital	B-Device
Display	I-Device
Working	O
Group	O
(	O
DDWG	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	B-General_Concept
interface	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
connect	O
a	O
video	O
source	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
controller	I-General_Concept
,	O
to	O
a	O
display	B-Device
device	I-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
developed	O
with	O
the	O
intention	O
of	O
creating	O
an	O
industry	O
standard	O
for	O
the	O
transfer	O
of	O
uncompressed	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Featuring	O
support	O
for	O
analog	O
connections	O
,	O
DVI	B-Protocol
devices	O
manufactured	O
as	O
DVI-I	B-Protocol
are	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
analog	B-Protocol
VGA	I-Protocol
interface	O
by	O
including	O
VGA	B-Protocol
pins	O
,	O
while	O
DVI-D	O
devices	O
are	O
digital-only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
compatibility	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
other	O
advantages	O
,	O
led	O
to	O
its	O
widespread	O
acceptance	O
over	O
competing	O
digital	B-Device
display	I-Device
standards	O
Plug	B-Protocol
and	I-Protocol
Display	I-Protocol
(	O
P&D	O
)	O
and	O
Digital	B-Protocol
Flat	I-Protocol
Panel	I-Protocol
(	O
DFP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
DVI	B-Protocol
is	O
predominantly	O
associated	O
with	O
computers	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
sometimes	O
used	O
in	O
other	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
such	O
as	O
television	O
sets	O
and	O
DVD	B-Device
players	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
earlier	O
attempt	O
to	O
promulgate	O
an	O
updated	O
standard	O
to	O
the	O
analog	B-Protocol
VGA	I-Protocol
connector	O
was	O
made	O
by	O
the	O
Video	O
Electronics	O
Standards	O
Association	O
(	O
VESA	O
)	O
in	O
1994	O
and	O
1995	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
Enhanced	B-Protocol
Video	I-Protocol
Connector	I-Protocol
(	O
EVC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
consolidate	O
cables	O
between	O
the	O
computer	O
and	O
monitor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EVC	O
used	O
a	O
35-pin	O
Molex	O
MicroCross	O
connector	O
and	O
carried	O
analog	O
video	O
(	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
)	O
,	O
analog	O
stereo	O
audio	O
(	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
(	O
via	O
USB	B-Protocol
and	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
increasing	O
availability	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
flat-panel	O
displays	O
,	O
the	O
priority	O
shifted	O
to	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
transmission	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
remove	O
the	O
extra	O
analog/digital	O
conversion	O
steps	O
required	O
for	O
VGA	B-Protocol
and	O
EVC	O
;	O
the	O
EVC	O
connector	O
was	O
reused	O
by	O
VESA	O
,	O
which	O
released	O
the	O
P&D	O
standard	O
in	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
P&D	O
offered	O
single-link	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
with	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
option	O
,	O
analog	O
video	O
output	O
and	O
data	O
(	O
USB	B-Protocol
and	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
35-pin	O
MicroCross	O
connector	O
similar	O
to	O
EVC	O
;	O
the	O
analog	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
input	O
lines	O
from	O
EVC	O
were	O
repurposed	O
to	O
carry	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
for	O
P&D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
P&D	O
was	O
a	O
physically	O
large	O
,	O
expensive	O
connector	O
,	O
a	O
consortium	O
of	O
companies	O
developed	O
the	O
DFP	O
standard	O
(	O
1999	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
focused	O
solely	O
on	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
transmission	O
using	O
a	O
20-pin	O
micro	B-Protocol
ribbon	I-Protocol
connector	I-Protocol
and	O
omitted	O
the	O
analog	O
video	O
and	O
data	O
capabilities	O
of	O
P&D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVI	B-Protocol
instead	O
chose	O
to	O
strip	O
just	O
the	O
data	O
functions	O
from	O
P&D	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
29-pin	O
MicroCross	O
connector	O
to	O
carry	O
digital	B-General_Concept
and	O
analog	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critically	O
,	O
DVI	B-Protocol
allows	O
dual-link	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
signals	O
,	O
meaning	O
it	O
supports	O
higher	O
resolutions	O
than	O
the	O
single-link	O
P&D	O
and	O
DFP	O
connectors	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
its	O
successful	O
adoption	O
as	O
an	O
industry	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compatibility	O
of	O
DVI	B-Protocol
with	O
P&D	O
and	O
DFP	O
is	O
accomplished	O
typically	O
through	O
passive	O
adapters	O
that	O
provide	O
appropriate	O
physical	O
interfaces	O
,	O
as	O
all	O
three	O
standards	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
DDC/EDID	O
handshaking	O
protocols	O
and	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVI	B-Protocol
's	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
transmission	O
format	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
panelLink	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
serial	O
format	O
developed	O
by	O
Silicon	O
Image	O
that	O
utilizes	O
a	O
high-speed	O
serial	O
link	O
called	O
transition	B-Protocol
minimized	I-Protocol
differential	I-Protocol
signaling	I-Protocol
(	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
data	O
is	O
transported	O
using	O
multiple	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
twisted	O
pairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
link	O
DVI	B-Protocol
connection	O
has	O
four	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
pairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
data	O
pairs	O
carry	O
their	O
designated	O
8-bit	O
RGB	O
component	O
(	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
or	O
blue	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
signal	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
24bits	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fourth	O
pair	O
carries	O
the	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
clock	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
binary	O
data	O
is	O
encoded	O
using	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVI	B-Protocol
does	O
not	O
use	O
packetization	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
rather	O
transmits	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
data	O
as	O
if	O
it	O
were	O
a	O
rasterized	O
analog	O
video	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
modes	O
typically	O
use	O
horizontal	O
and	O
vertical	O
refresh	O
timings	O
that	O
are	O
compatible	O
with	O
cathode-ray	B-Device
tube	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
displays	O
,	O
though	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
requirement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
single	O
link	O
mode	O
,	O
the	O
maximum	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
clock	O
frequency	O
is	O
165MHz	O
,	O
which	O
supports	O
a	O
maximum	O
resolution	O
of	O
2.75megapixels	O
(	O
including	O
blanking	O
interval	O
)	O
at	O
60Hz	O
refresh	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
support	O
higher-resolution	O
display	B-Device
devices	I-Device
,	O
the	O
DVI	B-Protocol
specification	O
contains	O
a	O
provision	O
for	O
dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
DVI	B-Protocol
doubles	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
data	O
pairs	O
,	O
effectively	O
doubling	O
the	O
video	O
bandwidth	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
higher	O
resolutions	O
up	O
to	O
2560×1600	O
at	O
60Hz	O
or	O
higher	O
refresh	O
rates	O
for	O
lower	O
resolutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
with	O
displays	O
using	O
analog	B-Protocol
VGA	I-Protocol
signals	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
contacts	O
in	O
the	O
DVI	B-Protocol
connector	I-Protocol
carry	O
the	O
analog	B-Protocol
VGA	I-Protocol
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
ensure	O
a	O
basic	O
level	O
of	O
interoperability	O
,	O
DVI	B-Protocol
compliant	O
devices	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
support	O
one	O
baseline	O
display	O
mode	O
,	O
"	O
low	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
format	O
"	O
(	O
640×480	O
at	O
60Hz	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
modern	O
analog	B-Protocol
VGA	I-Protocol
connectors	O
,	O
the	O
DVI	B-Protocol
connector	I-Protocol
includes	O
pins	O
for	O
the	O
display	O
data	O
channel	O
(	O
DDC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
graphics	O
adapter	O
to	O
read	O
the	O
monitor	O
's	O
extended	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
identification	I-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
(	O
EDID	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
source	O
and	O
display	O
using	O
the	O
DDC2	O
revision	O
are	O
connected	O
,	O
the	O
source	O
first	O
queries	O
the	O
display	O
's	O
capabilities	O
by	O
reading	O
the	O
monitor	O
EDID	B-General_Concept
block	O
over	O
an	O
I²C	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EDID	B-General_Concept
block	O
contains	O
the	O
display	O
's	O
identification	O
,	O
color	O
characteristics	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
gamma	O
value	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
table	O
of	O
supported	O
video	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
table	O
can	O
designate	O
a	O
preferred	O
mode	O
or	O
native	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maximum	O
length	O
recommended	O
for	O
DVI	B-Protocol
cables	I-Protocol
is	O
not	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
specification	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
is	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
clock	O
frequency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
greater	O
distances	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
DVI	B-Protocol
booster	I-Protocol
—	O
a	O
signal	O
repeater	O
which	O
may	O
use	O
an	O
external	O
power	O
supply	O
—	O
is	O
recommended	O
to	O
help	O
mitigate	O
signal	O
degradation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DVI	B-Protocol
connector	I-Protocol
on	O
a	O
device	O
is	O
given	O
one	O
of	O
three	O
names	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
which	O
signals	O
it	O
implements	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
DVI	B-Protocol
connector	I-Protocol
types	O
—	O
the	O
exception	O
is	O
DVI-A	B-Protocol
—	O
have	O
pins	O
that	O
pass	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
come	O
in	O
two	O
varieties	O
:	O
single	O
link	O
and	O
dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single	O
link	O
DVI	B-Protocol
employs	O
a	O
single	O
transmitter	O
with	O
a	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
clock	O
up	O
to	O
165MHz	O
that	O
supports	O
resolutions	O
up	O
to	O
1920×1200	O
at	O
60Hz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
DVI	B-Protocol
adds	O
six	O
pins	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
connector	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
second	O
transmitter	O
increasing	O
the	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
supporting	O
resolutions	O
up	O
to	O
2560×1600	O
at	O
60Hz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
connector	O
with	O
these	O
additional	O
pins	O
is	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
DVI-DL	B-Protocol
(	O
dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
should	O
not	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
dual	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
dual	B-General_Concept
head	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
configuration	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
computer	O
connected	O
to	O
two	O
monitors	O
,	O
sometimes	O
using	O
a	O
DMS-59	B-Protocol
connector	O
for	O
two	O
single	O
link	O
DVI	B-Protocol
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
digital	B-General_Concept
,	O
some	O
DVI	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
also	O
have	O
pins	O
that	O
pass	O
an	O
analog	O
signal	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
connect	O
an	O
analog	O
monitor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
analog	O
pins	O
are	O
the	O
four	O
that	O
surround	O
the	O
flat	O
blade	O
on	O
a	O
DVI-I	B-Protocol
or	O
DVI-A	B-Protocol
connector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
VGA	B-Protocol
monitor	I-Protocol
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
video	O
source	O
with	O
DVI-I	B-Protocol
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
passive	O
adapter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
analog	O
pins	O
are	O
directly	O
compatible	O
with	O
VGA	B-Protocol
signaling	O
,	O
passive	O
adapters	O
are	O
simple	O
and	O
cheap	O
to	O
produce	O
,	O
providing	O
a	O
cost-effective	O
solution	O
to	O
support	O
VGA	B-Protocol
on	O
DVI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
long	O
flat	O
pin	O
on	O
a	O
DVI-I	B-Protocol
connector	O
is	O
wider	O
than	O
the	O
same	O
pin	O
on	O
a	O
DVI-D	O
connector	O
,	O
so	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
four	O
analog	O
pins	O
were	O
manually	O
removed	O
,	O
it	O
still	O
would	O
n't	O
be	O
possible	O
to	O
connect	O
a	O
male	O
DVI-I	B-Protocol
to	O
a	O
female	O
DVI-D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
to	O
join	O
a	O
male	O
DVI-D	O
connector	O
with	O
a	O
female	O
DVI-I	B-Protocol
connector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVI	B-Protocol
is	O
the	O
only	O
widespread	O
video	O
standard	O
that	O
includes	O
analog	O
and	O
digital	B-General_Concept
transmission	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
connector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Competing	O
standards	O
are	O
exclusively	O
digital	B-General_Concept
:	O
these	O
include	O
a	O
system	O
using	O
low-voltage	B-Architecture
differential	I-Architecture
signaling	I-Architecture
(	O
LVDS	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
known	O
by	O
its	O
proprietary	O
names	O
FPD-Link	B-Protocol
(	O
flat-panel	O
display	O
)	O
and	O
FLATLINK	O
;	O
and	O
its	O
successors	O
,	O
the	O
LVDS	B-Architecture
Display	O
Interface	O
(	O
LDI	O
)	O
and	O
OpenLDI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
DVD	B-Device
players	I-Device
,	O
HDTV	B-Device
sets	O
,	O
and	O
video	B-Device
projectors	I-Device
have	O
DVI	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
that	O
transmit	O
an	O
encrypted	O
signal	O
for	O
copy	O
protection	O
using	O
the	O
High-bandwidth	B-Protocol
Digital	I-Protocol
Content	I-Protocol
Protection	I-Protocol
(	O
HDCP	B-Protocol
)	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computers	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
HDTV	B-Device
sets	O
over	O
DVI	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
the	O
graphics	O
card	O
must	O
support	O
HDCP	B-Protocol
to	O
play	O
content	O
protected	O
by	O
digital	B-General_Concept
rights	O
management	O
(	O
DRM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
bit	O
rates	O
are	O
twice	O
that	O
of	O
single	O
link	O
at	O
an	O
identical	O
clock	O
frequency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gross	O
bit	O
rate	O
(	O
Including	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
overhead	O
)	O
at	O
a	O
165MHz	O
clock	O
:	O
9.90Gbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bits	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
:	O
</s>
<s>
24	O
bits	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
support	O
is	O
mandatory	O
in	O
all	O
resolutions	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Less	O
than	O
24	O
bits	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
is	O
optional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
optionally	O
supports	O
up	O
to	O
48	O
bits	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
depth	O
greater	O
than	O
24	O
bits	O
per	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
is	O
desired	O
,	O
the	O
least	O
significant	O
bits	O
are	O
sent	O
on	O
the	O
second	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pixels	B-Algorithm
per	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
clock	O
cycle	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Example	O
display	O
modes	O
(	O
dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Generalized	B-General_Concept
Timing	I-General_Concept
Formula	I-General_Concept
(	O
GTF	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
VESA	O
standard	O
which	O
can	O
easily	O
be	O
calculated	O
with	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
gtf	O
utility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
DVI	B-Protocol
stream	O
encoding	O
is	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
DC-balanced	O
output	O
that	O
reduces	O
decoding	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
other	O
ways	O
of	O
transmitting	O
video	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
two	O
different	O
regions	O
:	O
the	O
active	O
region	O
,	O
where	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
data	O
is	O
sent	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
control	O
region	O
,	O
where	O
synchronization	O
signals	O
are	O
sent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
active	O
region	O
is	O
encoded	O
using	O
transition-minimized	B-Protocol
differential	I-Protocol
signaling	I-Protocol
,	O
where	O
the	O
control	O
region	O
is	O
encoded	O
with	O
a	O
fixed	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
DVI	B-Protocol
was	O
designed	O
,	O
most	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
were	O
still	O
of	O
the	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tube	I-Device
type	O
that	O
require	O
analog	O
video	O
synchronization	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
timing	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
synchronization	O
signals	O
matches	O
the	O
equivalent	O
analog	O
ones	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
transforming	O
DVI	B-Protocol
to	O
and	O
from	O
an	O
analog	O
signal	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
extra	O
(	O
high-speed	O
)	O
memory	O
,	O
expensive	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDCP	B-Protocol
is	O
an	O
extra	O
layer	O
that	O
transforms	O
the	O
10-bit	O
symbols	O
before	O
transmitting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
after	O
correct	O
authorization	O
can	O
the	O
receiver	O
undo	O
the	O
HDCP	B-Protocol
encryption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVI	B-Protocol
provide	O
one	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
clock	O
pair	O
and	O
3	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
data	O
pairs	O
in	O
single	O
link	O
mode	O
or	O
6	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
data	O
pairs	O
in	O
dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TMDS	B-Protocol
data	O
pairs	O
operate	O
at	O
a	O
gross	O
bit	O
rate	O
that	O
is	O
10	O
times	O
the	O
frequency	O
of	O
the	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
clock	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
each	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
clock	O
period	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
10-bit	O
symbol	O
per	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
data	O
pair	O
representing	O
8-bits	O
of	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
single	O
link	O
mode	O
each	O
set	O
of	O
three	O
10-bit	O
symbols	O
represents	O
one	O
24-bit	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
,	O
while	O
in	O
dual	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
mode	O
each	O
set	O
of	O
six	O
10-bit	O
symbols	O
either	O
represents	O
two	O
24-bit	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
or	O
one	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
of	O
up	O
to	O
48-bit	O
color	O
depth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
ratio	O
between	O
the	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
clock	O
and	O
gross	O
bit	O
rate	O
per	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
pair	O
is	O
fixed	O
at	O
1:10	O
,	O
the	O
unknown	O
alignment	O
is	O
kept	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DVI	B-Protocol
specification	O
allows	O
the	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
clock	O
to	O
vary	O
between	O
25MHz	O
and	O
165MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
benefit	O
of	O
DVI	B-Protocol
over	O
other	O
interfaces	O
is	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
relatively	O
straightforward	O
to	O
transform	O
the	O
signal	O
from	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
domain	O
into	O
the	O
analog	O
domain	O
using	O
a	O
video	O
DAC	O
,	O
as	O
both	O
clock	O
and	O
synchronization	O
signals	O
are	O
transmitted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fixed	O
frequency	O
interfaces	O
,	O
like	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
,	O
need	O
to	O
reconstruct	O
the	O
clock	O
from	O
the	O
transmitted	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DVI	B-Protocol
specification	O
includes	O
signaling	O
for	O
reducing	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
the	O
analog	O
VESA	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
power	I-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
signaling	I-General_Concept
(	O
DPMS	B-General_Concept
)	O
standard	O
,	O
a	O
connected	O
device	O
can	O
turn	O
a	O
monitor	O
off	O
when	O
the	O
connected	O
device	O
is	O
powered	O
down	O
,	O
or	O
programmatically	O
if	O
the	O
display	O
controller	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
supports	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
analog	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
DVI	B-Protocol
specification	O
document	O
is	O
brief	O
and	O
points	O
to	O
other	O
specifications	O
like	O
VESA	O
VSIS	O
for	O
electrical	O
characteristics	O
and	O
GTFS	B-General_Concept
for	O
timing	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motivation	O
for	O
including	O
analog	O
is	O
to	O
keep	O
compatibility	O
with	O
the	O
previous	O
VGA	B-Protocol
cables	I-Protocol
and	I-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
VGA	B-Protocol
pins	O
for	O
HSync	O
,	O
Vsync	O
and	O
three	O
video	O
channels	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
both	O
DVI-I	B-Protocol
or	O
DVI-A	B-Protocol
(	O
but	O
not	O
DVI-D	O
)	O
connectors	O
and	O
are	O
electrically	O
compatible	O
,	O
while	O
pins	O
for	O
DDC	O
(	O
clock	O
and	O
data	O
)	O
and	O
5	O
V	O
power	O
and	O
ground	O
are	O
kept	O
in	O
all	O
DVI	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
a	O
passive	O
adapter	O
can	O
interface	O
between	O
DVI-I	B-Protocol
or	O
DVI-A	B-Protocol
(	O
but	O
not	O
DVI-D	O
)	O
and	O
VGA	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDMI	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
newer	O
digital	B-General_Concept
audio/video	O
interface	O
developed	O
and	O
promoted	O
by	O
the	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVI	B-Protocol
and	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
have	O
the	O
same	O
electrical	O
specifications	O
for	O
their	O
TMDS	B-Protocol
and	O
VESA/DDC	O
twisted	O
pairs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
and	O
DVI	B-Protocol
differ	O
in	O
several	O
key	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDMI	B-Protocol
lacks	O
VGA	B-Protocol
compatibility	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
analog	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVI	B-Protocol
is	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
RGB	O
color	O
model	O
while	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
also	O
supports	O
YCbCr	O
4:4:4	O
and	O
YCbCr	O
4:2:2	O
color	O
spaces	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
generally	O
not	O
used	O
for	O
computer	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
digital	B-General_Concept
video	O
,	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
supports	O
the	O
transport	O
of	O
packets	B-Protocol
used	O
for	O
digital	B-General_Concept
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDMI	B-Protocol
sources	O
differentiate	O
between	O
legacy	O
DVI	B-Protocol
displays	O
and	O
HDMI-capable	O
displays	O
by	O
reading	O
the	O
display	O
's	O
EDID	B-General_Concept
block	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
promote	O
interoperability	O
between	O
DVI-D	O
and	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
devices	O
,	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
source	O
components	O
and	O
displays	O
support	O
DVI-D	O
signalling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
an	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
display	O
can	O
be	O
driven	O
by	O
a	O
DVI-D	O
source	O
because	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
and	O
DVI-D	O
both	O
define	O
an	O
overlapping	O
minimum	O
set	O
of	O
supported	O
resolutions	O
and	O
frame	O
buffer	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
DVI-D	O
sources	O
use	O
non-standard	O
extensions	O
to	O
output	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
signals	O
including	O
audio	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
multimedia	O
displays	O
use	O
a	O
DVI	B-Protocol
to	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
adapter	O
to	O
input	O
the	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
signal	O
with	O
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
reverse	O
scenario	O
,	O
a	O
DVI	B-Protocol
display	O
that	O
lacks	O
optional	O
support	O
for	O
HDCP	B-Protocol
might	O
be	O
unable	O
to	O
display	O
protected	O
content	O
even	O
though	O
it	O
is	O
otherwise	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Features	O
specific	O
to	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
such	O
as	O
remote	O
control	O
,	O
audio	O
transport	O
,	O
xvYCC	O
and	O
deep	O
color	O
are	O
not	O
usable	O
in	O
devices	O
that	O
support	O
only	O
DVI	B-Protocol
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDCP	B-Protocol
compatibility	O
between	O
source	O
and	O
destination	O
devices	O
is	O
subject	O
to	O
manufacturer	O
specifications	O
for	O
each	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEEE	B-Protocol
1394	I-Protocol
was	O
proposed	O
by	O
High-Definition	O
Audio-Video	O
Network	O
Alliance	O
(	O
)	O
for	O
all	O
cabling	O
needs	O
,	O
including	O
video	O
,	O
over	O
coax	O
or	O
1394	O
cable	O
as	O
a	O
combined	O
data	O
stream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
interface	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
enough	O
throughput	O
to	O
handle	O
uncompressed	O
HD	O
video	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
is	O
unsuitable	O
for	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
video	O
games	O
and	O
interactive	B-Device
program	I-Device
guides	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unified	B-Protocol
Display	I-Protocol
Interface	I-Protocol
(	O
UDI	O
)	O
was	O
proposed	O
by	O
Intel	O
to	O
replace	O
both	O
DVI	B-Protocol
and	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
was	O
deprecated	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thunderbolt	B-Protocol
:	O
an	O
interface	O
that	O
has	O
the	O
same	O
form	O
factor	O
as	O
Mini	B-Protocol
DisplayPort	I-Protocol
(	O
in	O
version	O
1	O
and	O
2	O
)	O
or	O
USB-C	O
(	O
in	O
version	O
3	O
and	O
4	O
)	O
but	O
combines	O
PCI	O
Express	O
(	O
PCIe	O
)	O
and	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
(	O
DP	O
)	O
into	O
one	O
serial	O
signal	O
,	O
permitting	O
the	O
connection	O
of	O
PCIe	O
devices	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
video	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2010	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
AMD	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
computer	O
and	O
display	O
manufacturers	O
announced	O
they	O
would	O
stop	O
supporting	O
DVI-I	B-Protocol
,	O
VGA	B-Protocol
and	O
LVDS-technologies	O
from	O
2013/2015	O
,	O
and	O
instead	O
speed	O
up	O
adoption	O
of	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
and	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
stated	O
:	O
"	O
Legacy	O
interfaces	O
such	O
as	O
VGA	B-Protocol
,	O
DVI	B-Protocol
and	O
LVDS	B-Architecture
have	O
not	O
kept	O
pace	O
,	O
and	O
newer	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
and	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
clearly	O
provide	O
the	O
best	O
connectivity	O
options	O
moving	O
forward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
our	O
opinion	O
,	O
DisplayPort	B-Protocol
1.2	O
is	O
the	O
future	O
interface	O
for	O
PC	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
,	O
along	O
with	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
1.4a	O
for	O
TV	O
connectivity	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
