<s>
A	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
conversational	B-General_Concept
agent	I-General_Concept
(	O
CA	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
intended	O
to	O
converse	O
with	O
a	O
human	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
employed	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
of	O
text	O
,	O
speech	O
,	O
graphics	O
,	O
haptics	O
,	O
gestures	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
modes	O
for	O
communication	O
on	O
both	O
the	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
elements	O
of	O
a	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
are	O
not	O
defined	O
because	O
this	O
idea	O
is	O
under	O
research	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
different	O
from	O
chatbot	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
typical	O
GUI	B-Application
wizard	O
engages	O
in	O
a	O
sort	O
of	O
dialogue	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
includes	O
very	O
few	O
of	O
the	O
common	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
components	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
dialogue	O
state	O
is	O
trivial	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
based	O
only	O
on	O
written	O
text	O
processing	O
starting	O
from	O
the	O
early	O
Sixties	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
speaking	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
was	O
issued	O
by	O
the	O
DARPA	O
Project	O
in	O
the	O
USA	O
in	O
1977	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
this	O
5-year	O
project	O
,	O
some	O
European	O
projects	O
issued	O
the	O
first	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
able	O
to	O
speak	O
many	O
languages	O
(	O
also	O
French	O
,	O
German	O
and	O
Italian	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
sets	O
of	O
components	O
are	O
included	O
in	O
a	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
how	O
those	O
components	O
divide	O
up	O
responsibilities	O
differs	O
from	O
system	O
to	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Principal	O
to	O
any	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
dialogue	O
manager	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
component	O
that	O
manages	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
dialogue	O
,	O
and	O
dialogue	O
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
activity	O
cycle	O
in	O
a	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
contains	O
the	O
following	O
phases	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
text	O
is	O
analysed	O
by	O
a	O
natural	B-General_Concept
language	I-General_Concept
understanding	I-General_Concept
(	O
NLU	O
)	O
unit	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
that	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
text-only	B-Application
interface	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
text-based	B-Application
chat	O
)	O
contain	O
only	O
stages	O
2	O
–	O
5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
fall	O
into	O
the	O
following	O
categories	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
listed	O
here	O
along	O
a	O
few	O
dimensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
A	O
Natural	O
Dialogue	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
tries	O
to	O
improve	O
usability	O
and	O
user	O
satisfaction	O
by	O
imitating	O
human	O
behaviour	O
"	O
(	O
Berg	O
,	O
2014	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
sub	O
dialogues	O
and	O
topic	O
changes	O
)	O
and	O
aims	O
to	O
integrate	O
them	O
into	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
for	O
human-machine	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
,	O
(	O
spoken	O
)	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
require	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
adapt	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
because	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
only	O
able	O
to	O
understand	O
a	O
very	O
limited	O
vocabulary	O
,	O
is	O
not	O
able	O
to	O
react	O
to	O
topic	O
changes	O
,	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
allow	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
influence	O
the	O
dialogue	O
flow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mixed-initiative	O
is	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
active	O
part	O
in	O
the	O
dialogue	O
instead	O
of	O
only	O
answering	B-Algorithm
questions	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
mere	O
existence	O
of	O
mixed-initiative	O
is	O
not	O
sufficient	O
to	O
be	O
classified	O
as	O
a	O
natural	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
most	O
of	O
these	O
aspects	O
are	O
issues	O
of	O
many	O
different	O
research	O
projects	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
tools	O
that	O
support	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
addressing	O
these	O
topics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
VoiceXML	B-Application
that	O
focuses	O
on	O
interactive	O
voice	O
response	O
systems	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
many	O
spoken	B-General_Concept
dialogue	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
in	O
industry	O
(	O
customer	O
support	O
applications	O
)	O
and	O
AIML	B-Application
that	O
is	O
famous	O
for	O
the	O
A.L.I.C.E.	B-Protocol
</s>
<s>
chatbot	B-Protocol
,	O
none	O
of	O
these	O
integrate	O
linguistic	O
features	O
like	O
dialogue	O
acts	O
or	O
language	B-General_Concept
generation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
NADIA	O
(	O
a	O
research	O
prototype	O
)	O
gives	O
an	O
idea	O
of	O
how	O
to	O
fill	O
that	O
gap	O
and	O
combines	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
aspects	O
like	O
natural	B-General_Concept
language	I-General_Concept
generation	I-General_Concept
,	O
adaptive	O
formulation	O
,	O
and	O
sub	O
dialogues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
authors	O
measure	O
the	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
's	O
performance	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
percentage	O
of	O
sentences	O
completely	O
right	O
,	O
by	O
comparing	O
the	O
model	O
of	O
sentences	O
(	O
this	O
measure	O
is	O
called	O
Concept	O
Sentence	O
Accuracy	O
or	O
Sentence	O
Understanding	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
can	O
support	O
a	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
in	O
business	O
enterprises	O
,	O
education	O
,	O
government	O
,	O
healthcare	O
,	O
and	O
entertainment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simple	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
are	O
widely	O
used	O
to	O
decrease	O
the	O
human	O
workload	O
in	O
call	O
centers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
and	O
other	O
industrial	O
telephony	O
applications	O
,	O
the	O
functionality	O
provided	O
by	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
is	O
known	O
as	O
interactive	O
voice	O
response	O
or	O
IVR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
conversational	B-General_Concept
agents	I-General_Concept
can	O
interact	O
with	O
users	O
using	O
artificial	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
agents	O
are	O
then	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
embodied	B-General_Concept
agents	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
survey	O
of	O
current	O
frameworks	O
,	O
languages	O
and	O
technologies	O
for	O
defining	O
dialogue	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Name	O
&	O
links	O
System	O
type	O
Description	O
Affiliation[s]	O
Environment[s]	O
Comments	O
AIML	B-Application
Chatterbot	B-Protocol
language	O
XML	O
dialect	O
for	O
creating	O
natural	O
language	O
software	O
agents	O
Richard	O
Wallace	O
,	O
Pandorabots	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
ChatScript	B-Language
Chatterbot	B-Protocol
language	O
Language/Engine	O
for	O
creating	O
natural	O
language	O
software	O
agents	O
Bruce	O
Wilcox	O
CSLU	B-Library
Toolkit	I-Library
A	O
state-based	O
speech	O
interface	O
prototyping	O
environment	O
OGI	O
School	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
EngineeringM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NLUI	B-General_Concept
Server	O
Domain-independent	O
toolkit	O
Complete	O
multilingual	O
framework	O
for	O
building	O
natural	B-General_Concept
language	I-General_Concept
user	I-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
systems	O
LinguaSys	O
out-of-box	O
support	O
of	O
mixed-initiative	O
dialogues	O
Olympus	O
Complete	O
framework	O
for	O
implementing	O
spoken	B-General_Concept
dialogue	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
Nextnova	O
Multimodal	O
Platform	O
Platform	O
for	O
developing	O
multimodal	O
software	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SALT	B-General_Concept
markup	O
language	O
Multimodal	O
dialogue	O
markup	O
language	O
Microsoft	O
"	O
has	O
not	O
reached	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
maturity	O
of	O
VoiceXML	B-Application
in	O
the	O
standards	O
process	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quack.com	B-Application
-	O
QXML	O
Development	O
Environment	O
Company	O
bought	O
by	O
AOL	O
OpenDial	O
Domain-independent	O
toolkit	O
Hybrid	O
symbolic/statistical	O
framework	O
for	O
spoken	B-General_Concept
dialogue	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
implemented	O
in	O
Java	O
University	O
of	O
Oslo	O
NADIA	O
dialogue	O
engine	O
and	O
dialogue	O
modelling	O
Creating	O
natural	O
dialogues/dialogue	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
