<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
medical	O
equipment	O
system	O
that	O
creates	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
(	O
VR	O
)	O
environment	O
in	O
which	O
surgeons	O
can	O
plan	O
neurosurgical	O
and	O
other	O
surgical	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
designed	O
to	O
show	O
a	O
patient	O
's	O
3D	O
anatomical	O
relationships	O
and	O
pathology	O
in	O
great	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
its	O
main	O
purpose	O
is	O
for	O
planning	O
surgery	O
,	O
the	O
dextroscope	B-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
proven	O
useful	O
in	O
research	O
in	O
cardiology	O
,	O
radiology	O
and	O
medical	O
education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
started	O
as	O
a	O
research	O
project	O
in	O
the	O
mid-90s	O
at	O
the	O
research	O
institute	O
(	O
part	O
of	O
Singapore	O
's	O
Agency	O
for	O
Science	O
,	O
Technology	O
and	O
Research	O
(	O
A*STAR	O
)	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
initially	O
named	O
the	O
Virtual	O
Workbench	O
and	O
underwent	O
commercialization	O
in	O
2000	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
Volume	O
Interactions	O
Pte	O
Ltd	O
with	O
the	O
name	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
was	O
selected	O
in	O
2021	O
by	O
A*STAR	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
30	O
innovations	O
and	O
inventions	O
that	O
pushed	O
scientific	O
boundaries	O
,	O
made	O
an	O
economic	O
impact	O
or	O
improved	O
lives	O
over	O
its	O
30	O
years	O
history	O
(	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
practical	O
variation	O
of	O
Virtual	B-Application
Reality	I-Application
which	O
introduced	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
prevalent	O
trend	O
of	O
full	O
immersion	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
immersing	O
the	O
whole	O
user	O
into	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
it	O
just	O
immersed	O
the	O
neurosurgeon	O
into	O
the	O
patient	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
allows	O
its	O
user	O
to	O
interact	O
intuitively	O
with	O
a	O
Virtual	B-Application
Patient	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
Virtual	B-Application
Patient	I-Application
is	O
composed	O
of	O
computer-generated	O
3D	O
multi-modal	O
images	O
obtained	O
from	O
any	O
DICOM	B-Algorithm
tomographic	O
data	O
including	O
CT	O
,	O
MRI	O
,	O
MRA	B-Algorithm
,	O
MRV	O
,	O
functional	O
MRI	O
and	O
CTA	O
,	O
PET	B-Application
,	O
SPECT	O
and	O
Tractography	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
can	O
work	O
with	O
any	O
multi-modality	O
combination	O
,	O
supporting	O
polygonal	O
meshes	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
surgeon	O
sits	O
at	O
the	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
3D	O
interaction	O
console	O
and	O
manipulates	O
the	O
Virtual	B-Application
Patient	I-Application
using	O
both	O
hands	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
real	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
visualisations	O
displayed	O
via	O
a	O
mirror	O
,	O
the	O
surgeon	O
sees	O
the	O
Virtual	B-Application
Patient	I-Application
floating	O
behind	O
the	O
mirror	O
but	O
within	O
easy	O
reach	O
of	O
the	O
hands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
allows	O
virtual	O
segmentation	O
of	O
organs	O
and	O
structures	O
,	O
making	O
accurate	O
3D	O
measurements	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
hand	O
the	O
surgeon	O
holds	O
a	O
handle	O
with	O
a	O
switch	O
that	O
,	O
when	O
pressed	O
,	O
allows	O
the	O
3D	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
to	O
be	O
moved	O
freely	O
as	O
if	O
it	O
were	O
an	O
object	O
held	O
in	O
real	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
hand	O
holds	O
a	O
pencil	O
shaped	O
stylus	B-Operating_System
that	O
the	O
surgeon	O
uses	O
to	O
select	O
tools	O
from	O
a	O
virtual	O
control	O
panel	O
and	O
perform	O
detailed	O
manipulations	O
on	O
the	O
3D	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
surgeon	O
does	O
not	O
see	O
the	O
stylus	B-Operating_System
,	O
handle	O
or	O
his/her	O
hands	O
directly	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
are	O
hidden	O
behind	O
the	O
surface	O
of	O
the	O
mirror	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
he/she	O
sees	O
a	O
virtual	O
handle	O
and	O
stylus	B-Operating_System
calibrated	B-General_Concept
to	O
appear	O
in	O
exactly	O
the	O
same	O
position	O
as	O
the	O
real	O
handle	O
and	O
stylus	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
allows	O
surgeons	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
and	O
manipulate	O
the	O
Virtual	B-Application
Patient	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
simulating	O
inter-operative	O
viewpoints	O
or	O
the	O
removal	O
of	O
bone	O
and	O
soft	O
tissue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
provides	O
virtual	O
tools	O
to	O
manipulate	O
the	O
3D	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
reported	O
for	O
several	O
neurosurgical	O
clinical	O
scenarios	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
applied	O
also	O
outside	O
of	O
neurosurgery	O
to	O
benefit	O
any	O
patient	O
presenting	O
a	O
surgical	O
challenge	O
:	O
an	O
anatomical	O
or	O
structural	O
complexity	O
that	O
requires	O
planning	O
of	O
the	O
surgical	O
(	O
or	O
interventional	O
)	O
approach	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
ENT	O
orthopedic	O
,	O
trauma	O
and	O
cranio-facial	O
surgery	O
,	O
cardiac	O
surgery	O
and	O
liver	O
resection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
just	O
for	O
surgeons	O
–	O
radiologists	O
use	O
it	O
,	O
too	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
,	O
radiologists	O
can	O
reconstruct	O
multimodal	O
models	O
from	O
high	O
volumes	O
of	O
2D	O
slices	O
–	O
hence	O
facilitating	O
a	O
better	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
3D	O
anatomical	O
structures	O
and	O
helping	O
with	O
the	O
diagnosis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
environment	O
helps	O
bridge	O
the	O
gap	O
between	O
radiology	O
and	O
surgery	O
-	O
by	O
allowing	O
the	O
radiologist	O
to	O
easily	O
demonstrate	O
to	O
surgeons	O
important	O
3D	O
structures	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
surgeons	O
are	O
familiar	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
reach	O
a	O
larger	O
group	O
of	O
people	O
in	O
a	O
classroom	O
or	O
auditorium	O
,	O
a	O
version	O
was	O
manufactured	O
called	O
Dextrobeam	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
was	O
installed	O
,	O
(	O
among	O
other	O
medical	O
and	O
research	O
institutions	O
)	O
at	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
pre-operative	O
planning	O
system	O
which	O
created	O
3D	O
patient-specific	O
virtual	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
bring	O
the	O
patient	O
date	O
into	O
the	O
operating	O
room	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
to	O
neurosurgery	O
,	O
the	O
DEX-Ray	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
neurosurgical	O
navigation	O
system	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
2006-2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DEX-Ray	O
overlaid	O
3D	O
virtual	B-Application
patient	I-Application
information	O
over	O
a	O
video	O
stream	O
obtained	O
from	O
a	O
proprietary	O
handheld	O
tracked	O
video	O
probe	O
designed	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
and	O
Dextrobeam	B-Algorithm
were	O
products	O
of	O
Volume	O
Interactions	O
Pte	O
Ltd	O
(	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
company	O
spun-off	O
from	O
the	O
research	O
institute	O
in	O
Singapore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
overview	O
of	O
the	O
Dextroscope	B-General_Concept
refer	O
to	O
the	O
Springer	O
International	O
Publishing	O
book	O
chaper	O
.	O
</s>
