<s>
Device	B-Application
neutrality	I-Application
law	O
states	O
that	O
the	O
users	O
have	O
the	O
right	O
of	O
non-discrimination	O
of	O
the	O
services	O
and	O
apps	O
they	O
use	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
platform	O
control	O
by	O
hardware	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
device	B-Application
neutrality	I-Application
is	O
closely	O
connected	O
to	O
net	O
neutrality	O
,	O
and	O
shares	O
a	O
correlation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Net	O
neutrality	O
is	O
a	O
concept	O
that	O
ensures	O
equal	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
internet	O
and	O
Device	B-Application
neutrality	I-Application
is	O
a	O
concept	O
that	O
ensures	O
equal	O
access	O
to	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
achieve	O
an	O
Open	O
Internet	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
necessary	O
that	O
all	O
Internet	O
access	O
layers	O
remain	O
open	O
for	O
competition	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
not	O
only	O
the	O
network	O
access	O
layer	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
focus	O
of	O
net	O
neutrality	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
the	O
application	O
and	O
operating	O
system	O
access	O
layers	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
focus	O
of	O
device	B-Application
neutrality	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
supports	O
installation	O
of	O
third	B-General_Concept
party	I-General_Concept
software	I-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
devices	O
beyond	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Play	O
store	O
,	O
albeit	O
with	O
complications	O
and	O
hurdles	O
for	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
whereas	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
restricts	O
the	O
third	B-General_Concept
party	I-General_Concept
installation	O
of	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
long	O
and	O
in	O
depth-examination	O
and	O
approval	O
by	O
all	O
committees	O
of	O
the	O
Chamber	O
of	O
Deputies	O
and	O
of	O
the	O
Senate	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
verge	O
of	O
the	O
final	O
vote	O
,	O
some	O
articles	O
in	O
mainstream	O
press	O
argued	O
the	O
proposed	O
bill	O
had	O
potential	O
to	O
ban	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
iPhones	B-Device
in	O
Italy	O
while	O
international	O
news	O
outlets	O
and	O
commentators	O
held	O
a	O
less	O
dramatic	O
stand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
October	O
2016	O
letter	O
from	O
Apple	O
's	O
General	O
Counsel	O
to	O
Spotify	O
,	O
Apple	O
threatened	O
to	O
remove	O
Spotify	O
's	O
app	B-Application
from	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
for	O
advertising	O
free	O
trials	O
to	O
its	O
own	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
decreed	O
:	O
“	O
What	O
a	O
developer	O
cannot	O
do	O
is	O
seek	O
to	O
use	O
its	O
iOS	B-Application
app	I-Application
as	O
a	O
marketing	O
tool	O
to	O
redirect	O
consumers	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
app	B-Application
to	O
avoid	O
in-app	O
purchase	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
the	O
presidential	O
candidate	O
Sen.	O
Elizabeth	O
Warren	O
has	O
embraced	O
Device	B-Application
Neutrality	I-Application
calling	O
for	O
a	O
structural	O
separation	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
's	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
from	O
the	O
device	O
manufacturing	O
business	O
to	O
allow	O
app	B-Application
installation	O
from	O
other	O
sources	O
,	O
like	O
competing	O
App	B-Application
stores	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2020	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
53	O
consumer	O
rights	O
and	O
privacy	O
advocacy	O
organizations	O
signed	O
an	O
open	O
letter	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
asking	O
for	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
completely	O
uninstall	O
preinstalled	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2020	O
Apple	O
pulled	O
off	O
the	O
popular	O
Fortnite	B-Application
game	I-Application
by	O
Epic	O
Games	O
from	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
in	O
retaliation	O
for	O
Epic	O
's	O
refusal	O
to	O
remove	O
an	O
in-app	O
purchase	O
capability	O
alternative	O
to	O
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
payment	O
system	O
which	O
exacts	O
a	O
30%	O
toll	O
from	O
all	O
payments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
15	O
,	O
2020	O
European	O
Union	O
Vice	O
President	O
Margrethe	O
Vestager	O
and	O
Commissioner	O
Thierry	O
Breton	O
announced	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
Device	B-Application
Neutrality	I-Application
provisions	O
in	O
the	O
final	O
draft	O
of	O
the	O
Digital	O
Markets	O
Act	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
regulation	O
that	O
will	O
regulate	O
digital	O
services	O
in	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
allowing	O
app	B-Application
developers	O
to	O
set	O
different	O
prices	O
and	O
conditions	O
for	O
their	O
apps	O
in	O
alternative	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
;	O
</s>
<s>
allowing	O
app	B-Application
developers	O
to	O
conclude	O
contracts	O
with	O
consumers	O
also	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
,	O
so	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
required	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
's	O
payment	O
system	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
requiring	O
device	O
providers	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
access	O
to	O
third-party	O
apps	O
,	O
including	O
third-party	O
app	B-Application
stores	I-Application
(	O
but	O
also	O
via	O
side-loading	O
)	O
,	O
provided	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
endanger	O
the	O
integrity	O
of	O
the	O
OS	O
or	O
device	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
preventing	O
an	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
controller	O
preferencing	O
its	O
own	O
apps	O
in	O
search	O
results	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
other	O
ways	O
in	O
their	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
;	O
</s>
<s>
requiring	O
device	O
providers	O
to	O
allow	O
third	B-General_Concept
party	I-General_Concept
providers	O
of	O
‘	O
ancillary	O
services’	O
(	O
which	O
includes	O
payment	O
services	O
)	O
equal	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
OS	O
and	O
device	O
hardware	O
)	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
requiring	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
providers	O
to	O
allow	O
fair	O
and	O
non-discriminatory	O
access	O
by	O
third-party	O
app	B-Application
developers	O
to	O
the	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
;	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Russia	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
has	O
already	O
been	O
fined	O
for	O
continuing	O
to	O
pre-install	O
its	O
associated	O
Google	B-Application
Apps	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
outgoing	O
chief	O
of	O
the	O
Indian	O
telecom	O
's	O
regulator	O
has	O
suggested	O
device	B-Application
neutrality	I-Application
is	O
necessary	O
to	O
keep	O
the	O
ecosystem	O
lively	O
.	O
</s>
