<s>
In	O
computing	O
,	O
the	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
is	O
an	O
interface	B-Architecture
metaphor	I-Architecture
which	O
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
unifying	O
concepts	O
used	O
by	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
to	O
help	O
users	O
interact	O
more	O
easily	O
with	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
treats	O
the	O
computer	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
as	O
if	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
desk	O
,	O
upon	O
which	O
objects	O
such	O
as	O
documents	O
and	O
folders	O
of	O
documents	O
can	O
be	O
placed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Small	O
applications	O
called	O
desk	B-Application
accessories	I-Application
are	O
also	O
available	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
desk	O
calculator	O
or	O
notepad	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
itself	O
has	O
been	O
extended	O
and	O
stretched	O
with	O
various	O
implementations	O
of	O
desktop	O
environments	O
,	O
since	O
access	O
to	O
features	O
and	O
usability	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
computer	O
are	O
usually	O
more	O
important	O
than	O
maintaining	O
the	O
'	O
purity	O
 '	O
of	O
the	O
metaphor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hence	O
one	O
can	O
find	O
trash	B-Application
cans	O
on	O
the	O
desktop	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
disks	O
and	O
network	O
volumes	O
(	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
thought	O
of	O
as	O
filing	O
cabinets	O
—	O
not	O
something	O
normally	O
found	O
on	O
a	O
desktop	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
by	O
Alan	O
Kay	O
at	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
in	O
1970	O
and	O
elaborated	O
in	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
innovative	O
software	O
applications	O
developed	O
by	O
PARC	O
scientists	O
throughout	O
the	O
ensuing	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
computer	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
early	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
was	O
the	O
experimental	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
computer	O
that	O
adopted	O
this	O
kind	O
of	O
interface	O
was	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
window	O
controls	O
to	O
contain	O
related	O
information	O
predates	O
the	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
,	O
with	O
a	O
primitive	O
version	O
appearing	O
in	O
Douglas	O
Engelbart	O
's	O
"	O
Mother	O
of	O
All	O
Demos	O
"	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
though	O
it	O
was	O
incorporated	O
by	O
PARC	O
in	O
the	O
environment	O
of	O
the	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
desktop-like	O
interfaces	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
was	O
a	O
program	O
called	O
Magic	B-Protocol
Desk	I-Protocol
I	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Built	O
as	O
a	O
cartridge	O
for	O
the	O
Commodore	O
64	O
home	O
computer	O
in	O
1983	O
,	O
a	O
very	O
primitive	O
GUI	B-Application
presented	O
a	O
low	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
sketch	O
of	O
a	O
desktop	O
,	O
complete	O
with	O
telephone	O
,	O
drawers	O
,	O
calculator	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
made	O
their	O
choices	O
by	O
moving	O
a	O
sprite	O
depicting	O
a	O
hand	O
pointing	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
joystick	B-Device
the	O
user	O
may	O
have	O
used	O
for	O
video	O
gaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Onscreen	O
options	O
were	O
chosen	O
by	O
pushing	O
the	O
fire	O
button	O
on	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Magic	B-Protocol
Desk	I-Protocol
I	I-Protocol
program	O
featured	O
a	O
typewriter	O
graphically	O
emulated	O
complete	O
with	O
audio	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
applications	O
included	O
a	O
calculator	O
,	O
rolodex	O
organiser	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
terminal	B-Application
emulator	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
trashcan	B-Application
was	O
also	O
present	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
computer	O
to	O
popularise	O
the	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
,	O
using	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
standard	O
feature	O
over	O
the	O
earlier	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
was	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
in	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
is	O
ubiquitous	O
in	O
modern-day	O
personal	O
computing	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
found	O
in	O
most	O
desktop	O
environments	O
of	O
modern	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
:	O
Windows	B-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
other	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
BeOS	B-Application
observed	O
the	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
more	O
strictly	O
than	O
many	O
other	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
comparison	O
,	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
places	O
all	O
drives	O
on	O
the	O
desktop	O
itself	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
while	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
the	O
user	O
can	O
access	O
the	O
drives	O
through	O
an	O
icon	O
labelled	O
"	O
Computer	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amiga	B-Device
terminology	O
for	O
its	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
was	O
taken	O
directly	O
from	O
workshop	O
jargon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
desktop	O
was	O
called	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
,	O
programs	O
were	O
called	O
tools	O
,	O
small	O
applications	O
(	O
applets	B-Language
)	O
were	O
utilities	O
,	O
directories	O
were	O
drawers	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
in	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
and	O
macOS	B-Application
desktop	O
,	O
an	O
icon	O
for	O
a	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
or	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
would	O
appear	O
on	O
the	O
desktop	O
when	O
the	O
disk	O
was	O
inserted	O
into	O
the	O
drive	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
virtual	O
counterpart	O
of	O
a	O
physical	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
or	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
on	O
the	O
surface	O
of	O
a	O
workbench	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
paper	O
paradigm	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
paradigm	O
used	O
by	O
most	O
modern	O
computers	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
paper	O
paradigm	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
many	O
individuals	O
and	O
organisations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Douglas	O
Engelbart	O
,	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
,	O
and	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
make	O
computers	O
more	O
user-friendly	B-General_Concept
by	O
making	O
them	O
resemble	O
the	O
common	O
workplace	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
(	O
with	O
papers	O
,	O
folders	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
desktop	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Back	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
explanations	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Mac	B-Device
interface	O
to	O
users	O
who	O
had	O
never	O
seen	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
before	O
inevitably	O
included	O
an	O
explanation	O
of	O
icons	O
that	O
went	O
something	O
like	O
this	O
:	O
"	O
This	O
icon	O
represents	O
your	O
file	O
on	O
disk.	O
"	O
</s>
