<s>
Deplatforming	B-Application
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
no-platforming	B-Application
,	O
has	O
been	O
defined	O
as	O
an	O
"	O
attempt	O
to	O
boycott	O
a	O
group	O
or	O
individual	O
through	O
removing	O
the	O
platforms	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
speaking	O
venues	O
or	O
websites	O
)	O
used	O
to	O
share	O
information	O
or	O
ideas	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
the	O
action	O
or	O
practice	O
of	O
preventing	O
someone	O
holding	O
views	O
regarded	O
as	O
unacceptable	O
or	O
offensive	O
from	O
contributing	O
to	O
a	O
forum	O
or	O
debate	O
,	O
especially	O
by	O
blocking	O
them	O
on	O
a	O
particular	O
website.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Cold	B-Application
War	I-Application
policy	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
1961	O
,	O
Malcolm	O
X	O
was	O
prohibited	O
from	O
speaking	O
at	O
Berkeley	O
as	O
a	O
religious	O
leader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Controversial	O
speakers	O
invited	O
to	O
appear	O
on	O
college	O
campuses	O
have	O
faced	O
deplatforming	B-Application
attempts	O
to	O
disinvite	O
them	O
or	O
to	O
otherwise	O
prevent	O
them	O
from	O
speaking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2019	O
film	O
No	O
Safe	O
Spaces	O
,	O
Adam	O
Carolla	O
and	O
Dennis	O
Prager	O
documented	O
their	O
own	O
disinvitation	B-Application
along	O
with	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
Foundation	O
for	O
Individual	O
Rights	O
in	O
Education	O
,	O
a	O
speech	O
advocacy	O
group	O
,	O
documented	O
469	O
disinvitation	B-Application
or	O
disruption	O
attempts	O
at	O
American	O
campuses	O
since	O
2000	O
,	O
including	O
both	O
"	O
unsuccessful	O
disinvitation	B-Application
attempts	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
successful	O
disinvitations	B-Application
"	O
;	O
the	O
group	O
defines	O
the	O
latter	O
category	O
as	O
including	O
three	O
subcategories	O
:	O
formal	O
disinvitation	B-Application
by	O
the	O
sponsor	O
of	O
the	O
speaking	O
engagement	O
;	O
the	O
speaker	O
's	O
withdrawal	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
face	O
of	O
disinvitation	B-Application
demands	O
"	O
;	O
and	O
"	O
heckler	O
's	O
vetoes	O
"	O
(	O
situations	O
when	O
"	O
students	O
or	O
faculty	O
persistently	O
disrupt	O
or	O
entirely	O
prevent	O
the	O
speakers	O
 '	O
ability	O
to	O
speak	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
Reddit	B-Application
banned	O
several	O
communities	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
(	O
"	O
subreddits	O
"	O
)	O
for	O
violating	O
the	O
site	O
's	O
anti-harassment	O
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2017	O
study	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
journal	O
Proceedings	O
of	O
the	O
ACM	O
on	O
Human-Computer	O
Interaction	O
,	O
examining	O
"	O
the	O
causal	O
effects	O
of	O
the	O
ban	O
on	O
both	O
participating	O
users	O
and	O
affected	O
communities	O
,	O
"	O
found	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
ban	O
served	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
useful	O
purposes	O
for	O
Reddit	B-Application
"	O
and	O
that	O
"	O
Users	O
participating	O
in	O
the	O
banned	O
subreddits	O
either	O
left	O
the	O
site	O
or	O
(	O
for	O
those	O
who	O
remained	O
)	O
dramatically	O
reduced	O
their	O
hate	O
speech	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2020	O
and	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
Reddit	B-Application
also	O
issued	O
bans	O
to	O
two	O
prominent	O
online	O
pro-Trump	O
communities	O
over	O
violations	O
of	O
the	O
website	O
's	O
content	O
and	O
harassments	O
policies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
2	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
the	O
Facebook-owned	O
platform	O
Instagram	B-Application
announced	O
a	O
ban	O
of	O
"	O
dangerous	O
individuals	O
and	O
organizations	O
"	O
including	O
Nation	O
of	O
Islam	O
leader	O
Louis	O
Farrakhan	O
,	O
Milo	O
Yiannopoulos	O
,	O
Alex	O
Jones	O
and	O
his	O
organization	O
InfoWars	O
,	O
Paul	O
Joseph	O
Watson	O
,	O
Laura	O
Loomer	O
,	O
and	O
Paul	O
Nehlen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
wake	O
of	O
the	O
2021	O
storming	O
of	O
the	O
US	O
Capitol	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
banned	O
then-president	O
Donald	O
Trump	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
70,000	O
other	O
accounts	O
linked	O
to	O
the	O
event	O
and	O
the	O
far-right	O
movement	O
QAnon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
18	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
,	O
as	O
newly	O
instated	O
CEO	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
reopened	O
previously	O
banned	O
Twitter	B-Application
accounts	I-Application
of	O
high	O
profile	O
users	O
including	O
Kathie	O
Griffin	O
,	O
Jorden	O
Peterson	O
,	O
and	O
Babylon	O
Bee	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
Twitter	B-Application
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Musk	O
exclaimed	O
,	O
“	O
New	O
Twitter	B-Application
policy	O
is	O
freedom	O
of	O
speech	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
freedom	O
of	O
reach	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
on	O
August	O
6	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
Spotify	B-Application
removed	O
all	O
content	O
by	O
Jones	O
and	O
InfoWars	O
for	O
policy	O
violations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
removed	O
channels	O
associated	O
with	O
InfoWars	O
,	O
including	O
The	O
Alex	O
Jones	O
Channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
four	O
pages	O
associated	O
with	O
InfoWars	O
and	O
Alex	O
Jones	O
were	O
removed	O
over	O
repeated	O
policy	O
violations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
removed	O
all	O
podcasts	O
associated	O
with	O
Jones	O
from	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facebook	B-Application
cited	O
instances	O
of	O
dehumanizing	O
immigrants	O
,	O
Muslims	O
and	O
transgender	O
people	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
glorification	O
of	O
violence	O
,	O
as	O
examples	O
of	O
hate	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
InfoWars	O
was	O
banned	O
from	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Jones	O
used	O
another	O
of	O
his	O
websites	O
,	O
NewsWars	O
,	O
to	O
circumvent	O
the	O
ban	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jones	O
's	O
accounts	O
were	O
also	O
removed	O
from	O
Pinterest	B-Application
,	O
Mailchimp	B-Application
and	O
LinkedIn	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Jones	O
retained	O
active	O
accounts	O
on	O
Instagram	B-Application
,	O
Google+	B-Application
and	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
,	O
Jones	O
was	O
permanently	O
banned	O
from	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
Periscope	O
after	O
berating	O
CNN	B-Architecture
reporter	O
Oliver	O
Darcy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
7	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
InfoWars	O
app	O
was	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
for	O
"	O
objectionable	O
content	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Elon	O
Musk	O
's	O
purchase	O
of	O
Twitter	B-Application
several	O
previously	O
banned	O
accounts	O
were	O
reinstated	O
including	O
Donald	O
Trump	O
,	O
Andrew	O
Tate	O
and	O
Ye	O
resulting	O
in	O
questioning	O
if	O
Alex	O
Jones	O
will	O
be	O
unbanned	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2019	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
terminated	O
the	O
Resistance	O
News	O
channel	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
reuploading	O
of	O
live	O
streams	O
from	O
InfoWars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
1	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
Jones	O
was	O
barred	O
from	O
using	O
both	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
Instagram	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
InfoWars	O
app	O
was	O
removed	O
from	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Play	O
store	O
due	O
to	O
Jones	O
disseminating	O
COVID-19	O
misinformation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Google	B-Application
spokesperson	O
stated	O
that	O
"	O
combating	O
misinformation	O
on	O
the	O
Play	O
Store	O
is	O
a	O
top	O
priority	O
for	O
the	O
team	O
"	O
and	O
apps	O
that	O
violate	O
Play	O
policy	O
by	O
"	O
distributing	O
misleading	O
or	O
harmful	O
information	O
"	O
are	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
wake	O
of	O
several	O
Tweets	O
by	O
President	O
Trump	O
on	O
January	O
7	O
,	O
2021	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Instagram	B-Application
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
Reddit	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Twitter	B-Application
all	O
deplatformed	B-Application
Trump	O
to	O
some	O
extent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
deactivated	O
his	O
personal	O
account	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
company	O
said	O
could	O
possibly	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
promote	O
further	O
violence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
announced	O
that	O
Trump	O
's	O
ban	O
from	O
their	O
platform	O
will	O
be	O
permanent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
week	O
Musk	O
announced	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
new	O
freedom	O
of	O
speech	O
policy	O
,	O
he	O
tweeted	O
a	O
poll	O
to	O
ask	O
whether	O
to	O
bring	O
back	O
Trump	O
into	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
poll	O
ended	O
with	O
51.8	O
%	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
unbanning	O
Trump	O
's	O
account.Twitter	O
has	O
since	O
reinstated	O
Trump	O
’s	O
twitter	B-Application
account	I-Application
@realDonaldTrump	O
back	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Andrew	O
Tate	O
was	O
banned	O
from	O
Twitter	B-Application
for	O
tweeting	O
that	O
women	O
should	O
“	O
bare	O
some	O
responsibility	O
”	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
#MeToo	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
in	O
August	O
2022	O
,	O
Tate	O
was	O
banned	O
on	O
four	O
more	O
major	O
social	O
media	O
platforms	O
:	O
Instagram	B-Application
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
TikTok	O
,	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
Tate	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
unbanned	O
from	O
Twitter	B-Application
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
freedom	O
of	O
speech	O
policy	O
on	O
twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	O
media	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
Instagram	B-Application
allow	O
their	O
content	O
producers	O
or	O
influencers	O
to	O
earn	O
money	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
content	O
(	O
videos	O
,	O
images	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
Vox	O
reported	O
that	O
demonetization	O
—	O
as	O
it	O
pertained	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
specifically	O
—	O
involved	O
the	O
following	O
key	O
points	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Since	O
2012	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
automatically	O
'	O
demonetizing	O
 '	O
some	O
videos	O
because	O
its	O
software	O
thought	O
the	O
content	O
was	O
unfriendly	O
for	O
advertisers.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Many	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
makers	O
did	O
n’t	O
realize	O
this	O
until	O
last	O
week	O
,	O
when	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
actively	O
telling	O
them	O
about	O
it.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
This	O
has	O
freaked	O
YouTubers	O
out	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
behaving	O
rationally	O
by	O
trying	O
to	O
connect	O
advertisers	O
to	O
advertiser-friendly	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
’s	O
not	O
censorship	O
,	O
since	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
makers	O
can	O
still	O
post	O
(	O
just	O
about	O
)	O
anything	O
they	O
want.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
’s	O
software	O
will	O
screw	O
things	O
up	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
videos	O
that	O
should	O
have	O
ads	O
do	O
n’t	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
makers	O
have	O
been	O
missing	O
out	O
on	O
ad	O
revenue.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Countering	O
terrorist	O
organizations	O
ranges	O
from	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
civil	O
laws	O
to	O
financial	O
deplatforming	B-Application
—	O
Jessica	O
Davis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deplatforming	B-Application
tactics	O
have	O
also	O
included	O
attempts	O
to	O
silence	O
controversial	O
speakers	O
through	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
personal	O
harassment	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
doxing	B-Application
,	O
the	O
making	O
of	O
false	O
emergency	O
reports	O
for	O
purposes	O
of	O
swatting	O
,	O
and	O
complaints	O
or	O
petitions	O
to	O
third	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
government	O
under	O
Boris	O
Johnson	O
announced	O
a	O
Higher	O
Education	O
(	O
Freedom	O
of	O
Speech	O
)	O
Bill	O
that	O
would	O
allow	O
speakers	O
at	O
universities	O
to	O
seek	O
compensation	O
for	O
no-platforming	B-Application
,	O
impose	O
fines	O
on	O
universities	O
and	O
student	O
unions	O
that	O
promote	O
the	O
practice	O
,	O
and	O
establish	O
a	O
new	O
ombudsman	O
charged	O
with	O
monitoring	O
cases	O
of	O
no-platforming	B-Application
and	O
academic	O
dismissals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
critics	O
of	O
deplatforming	B-Application
have	O
proposed	O
that	O
governments	O
should	O
treat	O
social	O
media	O
as	O
a	O
public	O
utility	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
constitutional	O
rights	O
of	O
the	O
users	O
are	O
protected	O
,	O
citing	O
their	O
belief	O
that	O
an	O
Internet	O
presence	O
using	O
social	O
media	O
websites	O
is	O
imperative	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
adequately	O
take	O
part	O
in	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
as	O
an	O
individual	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
its	O
defenders	O
,	O
deplatforming	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
tactic	O
to	O
prevent	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
hate	O
speech	O
and	O
disinformation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supporters	O
of	O
deplatforming	B-Application
have	O
justified	O
the	O
action	O
on	O
the	O
grounds	O
that	O
it	O
produces	O
the	O
desired	O
effect	O
of	O
reducing	O
what	O
they	O
characterize	O
as	O
hate	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Angelo	O
Carusone	O
,	O
president	O
of	O
the	O
progressive	O
organization	O
Media	O
Matters	O
for	O
America	O
and	O
who	O
had	O
run	O
deplatforming	B-Application
campaigns	O
against	O
conservative	O
talk	O
hosts	O
Rush	O
Limbaugh	O
in	O
2012	O
and	O
Glenn	O
Beck	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
pointed	O
to	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
2016	O
ban	O
of	O
Milo	O
Yiannopoulos	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
result	O
was	O
that	O
he	O
lost	O
a	O
lot	O
....	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
deprivation	O
of	O
rights	O
under	O
the	O
First	O
Amendment	O
is	O
sometimes	O
cited	O
as	O
a	O
criticism	O
of	O
deplatforming	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proponents	O
say	O
that	O
deplatforming	B-Application
is	O
a	O
legal	O
way	O
of	O
dealing	O
with	O
controversial	O
users	O
online	O
or	O
in	O
other	O
digital	O
spaces	O
,	O
so	O
long	O
as	O
the	O
government	O
is	O
not	O
involved	O
with	O
causing	O
the	O
deplatforming	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Audie	O
Cornish	O
,	O
host	O
of	O
the	O
NPR	O
show	O
Consider	O
This	O
,	O
modern	O
deplatforming	B-Application
is	O
not	O
a	O
government	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
words	O
of	O
technology	O
journalist	O
Declan	O
McCullagh	O
,	O
"	O
Silicon	O
Valley	O
's	O
efforts	O
to	O
pull	O
the	O
plug	O
on	O
dissenting	O
opinions	O
"	O
began	O
around	O
2018	O
with	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
denying	O
service	O
to	O
selected	O
users	O
of	O
their	O
platforms	O
;	O
he	O
said	O
they	O
devised	O
"	O
excuses	O
to	O
suspend	O
ideologically	O
disfavored	O
accounts	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
McCullagh	O
predicted	O
that	O
paying	O
customers	O
would	O
become	O
targets	O
for	O
deplatforming	B-Application
as	O
well	O
,	O
citing	O
protests	O
and	O
open	O
letters	O
by	O
employees	O
of	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Salesforce	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
who	O
opposed	O
policies	O
of	O
U.S.	O
Immigration	O
and	O
Customs	O
Enforcement	O
(	O
ICE	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
who	O
reportedly	O
sought	O
to	O
influence	O
their	O
employers	O
to	O
deplatform	B-Application
the	O
agency	O
and	O
its	O
contractors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Law	O
professor	O
Glenn	O
Reynolds	O
dubbed	O
2018	O
the	O
"	O
Year	O
of	O
Deplatforming	B-Application
"	O
in	O
an	O
August	O
2018	O
article	O
in	O
The	O
Wall	O
Street	O
Journal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reynolds	O
cited	O
further	O
restrictions	O
on	O
"	O
even	O
mainstream	O
conservative	O
figures	O
"	O
such	O
as	O
Dennis	O
Prager	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Facebook	B-Application
's	O
blocking	O
of	O
a	O
campaign	O
advertisement	O
by	O
a	O
Republican	O
candidate	O
"	O
ostensibly	O
because	O
her	O
video	O
mentioned	O
the	O
Cambodian	O
genocide	O
,	O
which	O
her	O
family	O
survived.	O
"	O
</s>
