<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
(	O
portmanteau	O
of	O
"	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
"	O
and	O
"	O
fake	O
"	O
)	O
are	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
that	O
have	O
been	O
digitally	O
manipulated	O
to	O
replace	O
one	O
person	O
's	O
likeness	O
convincingly	O
with	O
that	O
of	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
creating	O
fake	O
content	O
is	O
not	O
new	O
,	O
deepfakes	B-Application
leverage	O
powerful	O
techniques	O
from	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
to	O
manipulate	O
or	O
generate	O
visual	O
and	O
audio	O
content	O
that	O
can	O
more	O
easily	O
deceive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
machine	O
learning	O
methods	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
deepfakes	B-Application
are	O
based	O
on	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
and	O
involve	O
training	O
generative	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
architectures	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
autoencoders	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
generative	B-Algorithm
adversarial	I-Algorithm
networks	I-Algorithm
(	O
GANs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
have	O
garnered	O
widespread	O
attention	O
for	O
their	O
potential	O
use	O
in	O
creating	O
child	O
sexual	O
abuse	O
material	O
,	O
celebrity	O
pornographic	O
videos	O
,	O
revenge	O
porn	O
,	O
fake	O
news	O
,	O
hoaxes	O
,	O
bullying	O
,	O
and	O
financial	O
fraud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
traditional	O
entertainment	O
to	O
gaming	B-Device
,	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
has	O
evolved	O
to	O
be	O
increasingly	O
convincing	O
and	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
disruption	O
of	O
the	O
entertainment	O
and	O
media	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
has	O
been	O
developed	O
by	O
researchers	O
at	O
academic	O
institutions	O
beginning	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
by	O
amateurs	O
in	O
online	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Academic	O
research	O
related	O
to	O
deepfakes	B-Application
is	O
split	O
between	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
a	O
subfield	O
of	O
computer	O
science	O
,	O
which	O
develops	O
techniques	O
for	O
creating	O
and	O
identifying	O
deepfakes	B-Application
,	O
and	O
humanities	O
and	O
social	O
science	O
approaches	O
that	O
study	O
the	O
social	O
,	O
ethical	O
and	O
aesthetic	O
implications	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
cinema	O
studies	O
,	O
deepfakes	B-Application
demonstrate	O
how	O
"	O
the	O
human	O
face	O
is	O
emerging	O
as	O
a	O
central	O
object	O
of	O
ambivalence	O
in	O
the	O
digital	O
age	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
artists	O
have	O
used	O
deepfakes	B-Application
to	O
"	O
playfully	O
rewrite	O
film	O
history	O
by	O
retrofitting	O
canonical	O
cinema	O
with	O
new	O
star	O
performers	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
of	O
"	O
queering	O
"	O
deepfakes	B-Application
is	O
also	O
discussed	O
in	O
Oliver	O
M	O
.	O
Gingrich	O
's	O
discussion	O
of	O
media	O
artworks	O
that	O
use	O
deepfakes	B-Application
to	O
reframe	O
gender	O
,	O
including	O
British	O
artist	O
Jake	O
Elwes	O
 '	O
Zizi	O
:	O
Queering	O
the	O
Dataset	O
,	O
an	O
artwork	O
that	O
uses	O
deepfakes	B-Application
of	O
drag	O
queens	O
to	O
intentionally	O
play	O
with	O
gender	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aesthetic	O
potentials	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
are	O
also	O
beginning	O
to	O
be	O
explored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Theatre	O
historian	O
John	O
Fletcher	O
notes	O
that	O
early	O
demonstrations	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
are	O
presented	O
as	O
performances	O
,	O
and	O
situates	O
these	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
theatre	O
,	O
discussing	O
"	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
troubling	O
paradigm	O
shifts	O
"	O
that	O
deepfakes	B-Application
represent	O
as	O
a	O
performance	O
genre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Philosophers	O
and	O
media	O
scholars	O
have	O
discussed	O
the	O
ethics	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
especially	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
pornography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beyond	O
pornography	O
,	O
deepfakes	B-Application
have	O
been	O
framed	O
by	O
philosophers	O
as	O
an	O
"	O
epistemic	O
threat	O
"	O
to	O
knowledge	O
and	O
thus	O
to	O
society	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
other	O
suggestions	O
for	O
how	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
the	O
risks	O
deepfakes	B-Application
give	O
rise	O
beyond	O
pornography	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
to	O
corporations	O
,	O
politicians	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
of	O
"	O
exploitation	O
,	O
intimidation	O
,	O
and	O
personal	O
sabotage	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
are	O
several	O
scholarly	O
discussions	O
of	O
potential	O
legal	O
and	O
regulatory	O
responses	O
both	O
in	O
legal	O
studies	O
and	O
media	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
psychology	O
and	O
media	O
studies	O
,	O
scholars	O
discuss	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
disinformation	O
that	O
uses	O
deepfakes	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
social	O
impact	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
most	O
English-language	O
academic	O
studies	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
focus	O
on	O
the	O
Western	O
anxieties	O
about	O
disinformation	O
and	O
pornography	O
,	O
digital	O
anthropologist	O
Gabriele	O
de	O
Seta	O
has	O
analysed	O
the	O
Chinese	O
reception	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
,	O
which	O
are	O
known	O
as	O
huanlian	O
,	O
which	O
translates	O
to	O
"	O
changing	O
faces	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chinese	O
term	O
does	O
not	O
contain	O
the	O
"	O
fake	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
English	O
deepfake	B-Application
,	O
and	O
de	O
Seta	O
argues	O
that	O
this	O
cultural	O
context	O
may	O
explain	O
why	O
the	O
Chinese	O
response	O
has	O
been	O
more	O
about	O
practical	O
regulatory	O
responses	O
to	O
"	O
fraud	O
risks	O
,	O
image	O
rights	O
,	O
economic	O
profit	O
,	O
and	O
ethical	O
imbalances	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2018	O
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Berkeley	O
published	O
a	O
paper	O
introducing	O
a	O
fake	O
dancing	O
app	O
that	O
can	O
create	O
the	O
impression	O
of	O
masterful	O
dancing	O
ability	O
using	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
project	O
expands	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
to	O
the	O
entire	O
body	O
;	O
previous	O
works	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
head	O
or	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
face	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
have	O
also	O
shown	O
that	O
deepfakes	B-Application
are	O
expanding	O
into	O
other	O
domains	O
such	O
as	O
tampering	O
with	O
medical	O
imagery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
was	O
so	O
convincing	O
that	O
it	O
fooled	O
three	O
radiologists	O
and	O
a	O
state-of-the-art	O
lung	O
cancer	O
detection	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
survey	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
,	O
published	O
in	O
May	O
2020	O
,	O
provides	O
a	O
timeline	O
of	O
how	O
the	O
creation	O
and	O
detection	O
deepfakes	B-Application
have	O
advanced	O
over	O
the	O
last	O
few	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
survey	O
identifies	O
that	O
researchers	O
have	O
been	O
focusing	O
on	O
resolving	O
the	O
following	O
challenges	O
of	O
deepfake	B-Application
creation	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
High-quality	O
deepfakes	B-Application
are	O
often	O
achieved	O
by	O
training	O
on	O
hours	O
of	O
footage	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
solutions	O
include	O
self-supervised	O
training	O
(	O
using	O
frames	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
video	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
unpaired	O
networks	O
such	O
as	O
Cycle-GAN	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
manipulation	O
of	O
network	O
embeddings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
videos	O
containing	O
deepfakes	B-Application
,	O
artifacts	O
such	O
as	O
flickering	O
and	O
jitter	O
can	O
occur	O
because	O
the	O
network	O
has	O
no	O
context	O
of	O
the	O
preceding	O
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Overall	O
,	O
deepfakes	B-Application
are	O
expected	O
to	O
have	O
several	O
implications	O
in	O
media	O
and	O
society	O
,	O
media	O
production	O
,	O
media	O
representations	O
,	O
media	O
audiences	O
,	O
gender	O
,	O
law	O
,	O
and	O
regulation	O
,	O
and	O
politics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
deepfakes	B-Application
originated	O
around	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2017	O
from	O
a	O
Reddit	B-Application
user	O
named	O
"	O
deepfakes	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
others	O
in	O
the	O
Reddit	B-Application
community	O
r/deepfakes	O
,	O
shared	O
deepfakes	B-Application
they	O
created	O
;	O
many	O
videos	O
involved	O
celebrities	O
 '	O
faces	O
swapped	O
onto	O
the	O
bodies	O
of	O
actresses	O
in	O
pornographic	O
videos	O
,	O
while	O
non-pornographic	O
content	O
included	O
many	O
videos	O
with	O
actor	O
Nicolas	O
Cage	O
's	O
face	O
swapped	O
into	O
various	O
movies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
online	O
communities	O
remain	O
,	O
including	O
Reddit	B-Application
communities	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
share	O
pornography	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
r/SFWdeepfakes	O
(	O
short	O
for	O
"	O
safe	O
for	O
work	O
deepfakes	B-Application
"	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
community	O
members	O
share	O
deepfakes	B-Application
depicting	O
celebrities	O
,	O
politicians	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
in	O
non-pornographic	O
scenarios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
online	O
communities	O
continue	O
to	O
share	O
pornography	O
on	O
platforms	O
that	O
have	O
not	O
banned	O
deepfake	B-Application
pornography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Larger	O
companies	O
started	O
to	O
use	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Corporate	O
training	O
videos	O
can	O
be	O
created	O
using	O
deepfaked	O
avatars	O
and	O
their	O
voices	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
Synthesia	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
with	O
avatars	O
to	O
create	O
personalized	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mobile	O
app	O
giant	O
Momo	B-Protocol
created	O
the	O
application	O
Zao	B-Protocol
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
superimpose	O
their	O
face	O
on	O
television	O
and	O
movie	O
clips	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
picture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2019	O
the	O
Japanese	O
AI	B-Application
company	O
DataGrid	O
made	O
a	O
full	O
body	O
deepfake	B-Application
that	O
could	O
create	O
a	O
person	O
from	O
scratch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2020	O
audio	B-Algorithm
deepfakes	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
AI	B-Application
software	I-Application
capable	O
of	O
detecting	O
deepfakes	B-Application
and	O
cloning	B-Algorithm
human	I-Algorithm
voices	I-Algorithm
after	O
5	O
seconds	O
of	O
listening	O
time	O
also	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mobile	O
deepfake	B-Application
app	O
,	O
Impressions	O
,	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
March	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
app	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
celebrity	O
deepfake	B-Application
videos	O
from	O
mobile	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
technology	O
can	O
not	O
only	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
fabricate	O
messages	O
and	O
actions	O
of	O
others	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
revive	O
deceased	O
individuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
29	O
October	O
2020	O
,	O
Kim	O
Kardashian	O
posted	O
a	O
video	O
of	O
her	O
late	O
father	O
Robert	O
Kardashian	O
;	O
the	O
face	O
in	O
the	O
video	O
of	O
Robert	O
Kardashian	O
was	O
created	O
with	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
was	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
Kaleida	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
use	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
performance	O
,	O
motion	O
tracking	O
,	O
SFX	O
,	O
VFX	O
and	O
DeepFake	B-Application
technologies	O
in	O
their	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
creation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Joaquin	O
Oliver	O
,	O
victim	O
of	O
the	O
Parkland	O
shooting	O
was	O
resurrected	O
with	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oliver	O
's	O
parents	O
teamed	O
up	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
their	O
organization	O
Nonprofit	O
Change	O
the	O
Ref	O
,	O
with	O
McCann	O
Health	O
to	O
produce	O
this	O
deepfake	B-Application
video	O
advocating	O
for	O
gun-safety	O
voting	O
campaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
deepfake	B-Application
message	O
,	O
it	O
shows	O
Joaquin	O
encouraging	O
viewers	O
to	O
vote	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
Elvis	O
Presley	O
has	O
been	O
resurrected	O
in	O
America	O
's	O
Got	O
Talent	O
17	O
using	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
deepfake	B-Application
resurrections	O
of	O
pop	O
cultural	O
and	O
historical	O
figures	O
who	O
were	O
murdered	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
member	O
of	O
The	B-Application
Beatles	I-Application
,	O
John	O
Lennon	O
who	O
was	O
murdered	O
in	O
1980	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
rely	O
on	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
called	O
an	O
autoencoder	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
consist	O
of	O
an	O
encoder	O
,	O
which	O
reduces	O
an	O
image	O
to	O
a	O
lower	O
dimensional	O
latent	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
a	O
decoder	O
,	O
which	O
reconstructs	O
the	O
image	O
from	O
the	O
latent	O
representation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
utilize	O
this	O
architecture	O
by	O
having	O
a	O
universal	O
encoder	O
which	O
encodes	O
a	O
person	O
in	O
to	O
the	O
latent	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
the	O
target	O
's	O
detailed	O
information	O
will	O
be	O
superimposed	O
on	O
the	O
underlying	O
facial	O
and	O
body	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
video	O
,	O
represented	O
in	O
the	O
latent	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
popular	O
upgrade	O
to	O
this	O
architecture	O
attaches	O
a	O
generative	B-Algorithm
adversarial	I-Algorithm
network	I-Algorithm
to	O
the	O
decoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
GAN	B-General_Concept
trains	O
a	O
generator	O
,	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
the	O
decoder	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
discriminator	O
in	O
an	O
adversarial	O
relationship	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
deepfakes	B-Application
difficult	O
to	O
combat	O
as	O
they	O
are	O
constantly	O
evolving	O
;	O
any	O
time	O
a	O
defect	O
is	O
determined	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
corrected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
generate	O
blackmail	O
materials	O
that	O
falsely	O
incriminate	O
a	O
victim	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
report	O
by	O
the	O
American	O
Congressional	O
Research	O
Service	O
warned	O
that	O
deepfakes	B-Application
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
blackmail	O
elected	O
officials	O
or	O
those	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
classified	O
information	O
for	O
espionage	O
or	O
influence	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Deepfake	B-Application
pornography	O
prominently	O
surfaced	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
particularly	O
on	O
Reddit	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2019	O
,	O
many	O
deepfakes	B-Application
on	O
the	O
internet	O
feature	O
pornography	O
of	O
female	O
celebrities	O
whose	O
likeness	O
is	O
typically	O
used	O
without	O
their	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
report	O
published	O
in	O
October	O
2019	O
by	O
Dutch	O
cybersecurity	O
startup	O
Deeptrace	O
estimated	O
that	O
96%	O
of	O
all	O
deepfakes	B-Application
online	O
were	O
pornographic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2018	O
,	O
a	O
Daisy	O
Ridley	O
deepfake	B-Application
first	O
captured	O
attention	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
October	O
2019	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
deepfake	B-Application
subjects	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
were	O
British	O
and	O
American	O
actresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2019	O
,	O
a	O
downloadable	O
Windows	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
application	O
called	O
DeepNude	O
was	O
released	O
that	O
used	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
specifically	O
generative	B-Algorithm
adversarial	I-Algorithm
networks	I-Algorithm
,	O
to	O
remove	O
clothing	O
from	O
images	O
of	O
women	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
misrepresent	O
well-known	O
politicians	O
in	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2018	O
,	O
Jordan	O
Peele	O
collaborated	O
with	O
Buzzfeed	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
deepfake	B-Application
of	O
Barack	O
Obama	O
with	O
Peele	O
's	O
voice	O
;	O
it	O
served	O
as	O
a	O
public	O
service	O
announcement	O
to	O
increase	O
awareness	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2019	O
,	O
Fox	O
affiliate	O
KCPQ	O
aired	O
a	O
deepfake	B-Application
of	O
Trump	O
during	O
his	O
Oval	O
Office	O
address	O
,	O
mocking	O
his	O
appearance	O
and	O
skin	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
House	O
Intelligence	O
Committee	O
held	O
hearings	O
on	O
the	O
potential	O
malicious	O
use	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
to	O
sway	O
elections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Belgian	O
branch	O
of	O
Extinction	O
Rebellion	O
published	O
a	O
deepfake	B-Application
video	O
of	O
Belgian	O
Prime	O
Minister	O
Sophie	O
Wilmès	O
on	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
promoted	O
a	O
possible	O
link	O
between	O
deforestation	B-Application
and	O
COVID-19	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	B-Application
Facebook	I-Application
page	O
where	O
the	O
video	O
appeared	O
,	O
many	O
users	O
interpreted	O
the	O
deepfake	B-Application
video	O
as	O
genuine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
2020	O
US	O
Presidential	O
campaign	O
,	O
many	O
deep	B-Application
fakes	I-Application
surfaced	O
purporting	O
Joe	O
Biden	O
in	O
cognitive	O
decline	O
—	O
falling	O
asleep	O
during	O
an	O
interview	O
,	O
getting	O
lost	O
,	O
and	O
misspeaking	O
—	O
all	O
bolstering	O
rumors	O
of	O
his	O
decline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
voiceover	O
was	O
provided	O
by	O
an	O
actor	O
,	O
and	O
AI	B-Application
trained	O
using	O
video	O
of	O
Tiwari	O
speeches	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
lip-sync	O
the	O
video	O
to	O
the	O
new	O
voiceover	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
party	O
staff	O
member	O
described	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
positive	O
"	O
use	O
of	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
them	O
to	O
"	O
convincingly	O
approach	O
the	O
target	O
audience	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
candidate	O
did	O
n't	O
speak	O
the	O
language	O
of	O
the	O
voter.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Bruno	O
Sartori	O
produced	O
deepfakes	B-Application
parodying	O
politicians	O
like	O
Jair	O
Bolsonaro	O
and	O
Donald	O
Trump	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
impersonated	O
Leonid	O
Volkov	O
,	O
a	O
Russian	O
opposition	O
politician	O
and	O
chief	O
of	O
staff	O
of	O
the	O
Russian	O
opposition	O
leader	O
Alexei	O
Navalny	O
's	O
campaign	O
,	O
allegedly	O
through	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
pair	O
told	O
The	O
Verge	O
that	O
they	O
did	O
not	O
use	O
deepfakes	B-Application
,	O
and	O
just	O
used	O
a	O
look-alike	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
artist	O
worked	O
with	O
Deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
actress	O
,	O
a	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
version	O
of	O
80s	O
movie	O
star	O
Ornella	O
Muti	O
,	O
traveling	O
in	O
time	O
from	O
1978	O
to	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
replaced	O
Jenner	O
's	O
face	O
by	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
calculated	O
face	O
of	O
Ornella	O
Muti	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
actress	O
has	O
the	O
face	O
of	O
the	O
Italian	O
actress	O
Ornella	O
Muti	O
and	O
the	O
body	O
of	O
Kendall	O
Jenner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
have	O
been	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
satire	O
or	O
to	O
parody	O
celebrities	O
and	O
politicians	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2020	O
webseries	O
Sassy	O
Justice	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
Trey	O
Parker	O
and	O
Matt	O
Stone	O
,	O
heavily	O
features	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
deepfaked	O
public	O
figures	O
to	O
satirize	O
current	O
events	O
and	O
raise	O
awareness	O
of	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
has	O
been	O
speculation	O
about	O
deepfakes	B-Application
being	O
used	O
for	O
creating	O
digital	O
actors	O
for	O
future	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digitally	O
constructed/altered	O
humans	O
have	O
already	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
films	O
before	O
,	O
and	O
deepfakes	B-Application
could	O
contribute	O
new	O
developments	O
in	O
the	O
near	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
has	O
already	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
fans	O
to	O
insert	O
faces	O
into	O
existing	O
films	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
insertion	O
of	O
Harrison	O
Ford	O
's	O
young	O
face	O
onto	O
Han	O
Solo	O
's	O
face	O
in	O
Solo	O
:	O
A	O
Star	O
Wars	O
Story	O
,	O
and	O
techniques	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
used	O
by	O
deepfakes	B-Application
were	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
acting	O
of	O
Princess	O
Leia	O
and	O
Grand	O
Moff	O
Tarkin	O
in	O
Rogue	O
One	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
increasingly	O
advances	O
,	O
Disney	O
has	O
improved	O
their	O
visual	O
effects	O
using	O
high-resolution	O
deepfake	B-Application
face	B-Application
swapping	I-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
high-resolution	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
saves	O
significant	O
operational	O
and	O
production	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Disney	O
's	O
deepfake	B-Application
generation	O
model	O
can	O
produce	O
AI-generated	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
at	O
a	O
1024	O
x	O
1024	O
resolution	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
common	O
models	O
that	O
produce	O
media	O
at	O
a	O
256	O
x	O
256	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2020	O
documentary	O
Welcome	O
to	O
Chechnya	O
used	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
to	O
obscure	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
the	O
people	O
interviewed	O
,	O
so	O
as	O
to	O
protect	O
them	O
from	O
retaliation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
8	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Daniel	O
Emmet	O
,	O
a	O
former	O
AGT	O
contestant	O
,	O
teamed	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
AI	B-Application
startup	O
Metaphysic	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
hyperrealistic	O
deepfake	B-Application
to	O
make	O
it	O
appear	O
as	O
Simon	O
Cowell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
30	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Metaphysic	O
AI	B-Application
had	O
'	O
deep-fake	O
'	O
Simon	O
Cowell	O
,	O
Howie	O
Mandel	O
and	O
Terry	O
Crews	O
singing	O
opera	B-Application
on	O
stage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
13	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Metaphysic	O
AI	B-Application
performed	O
with	O
a	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
version	O
of	O
Elvis	O
Presley	O
for	O
the	O
finals	O
of	O
America	O
's	O
Got	O
Talent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MIT	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
project	O
15.ai	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
content	O
creation	O
for	O
multiple	O
Internet	O
fandoms	O
,	O
particularly	O
on	O
social	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
an	O
internet	O
meme	O
emerged	O
utilizing	O
deepfakes	B-Application
to	O
generate	O
videos	O
of	O
people	O
singing	O
the	O
chorus	O
of	O
,	O
a	O
song	O
from	O
the	O
game	O
Yakuza	B-Application
0	I-Application
in	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
series	O
Yakuza	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
have	O
begun	O
to	O
see	O
use	O
in	O
popular	O
social	O
media	O
platforms	O
,	O
notably	O
through	O
Zao	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
Chinese	O
deepfake	B-Application
app	O
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
substitute	O
their	O
own	O
faces	O
onto	O
those	O
of	O
characters	O
in	O
scenes	O
from	O
films	O
and	O
television	O
shows	O
such	O
as	O
Romeo	O
+	O
Juliet	O
and	O
Game	B-Application
of	I-Application
Thrones	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2020	O
Facebook	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
introducing	O
new	O
measures	O
to	O
counter	O
this	O
on	O
its	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Congressional	O
Research	O
Service	O
cited	O
unspecified	O
evidence	O
as	O
showing	O
that	O
foreign	O
intelligence	O
operatives	O
used	O
deepfakes	B-Application
to	O
create	O
social	O
media	O
accounts	O
with	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
recruiting	O
individuals	O
with	O
access	O
to	O
classified	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
realistic	O
deepfake	B-Application
videos	O
of	O
actor	O
Tom	O
Cruise	O
were	O
released	O
on	O
TikTok	B-Application
,	O
which	O
went	O
viral	O
and	O
garnered	O
more	O
than	O
tens	O
of	O
millions	O
of	O
views	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
deepfake	B-Application
videos	O
featured	O
an	O
"	O
artificial	O
intelligence-generated	O
doppelganger	O
"	O
of	O
Cruise	O
doing	O
various	O
activities	O
such	O
as	O
teeing	O
off	O
at	O
the	O
golf	O
course	O
,	O
showing	O
off	O
a	O
coin	O
trick	O
,	O
and	O
biting	O
into	O
a	O
lollipop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
creator	O
of	O
the	O
clips	O
,	O
Belgian	O
VFX	O
Artist	O
Chris	O
Umé	O
,	O
said	O
he	O
first	O
got	O
interested	O
in	O
deepfakes	B-Application
in	O
2018	O
and	O
saw	O
the	O
"	O
creative	O
potential	O
"	O
of	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfake	B-Application
photographs	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
sockpuppets	O
,	O
non-existent	O
people	O
,	O
who	O
are	O
active	O
both	O
online	O
and	O
in	O
traditional	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
deepfake	B-Application
photograph	O
appears	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
generated	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
legend	O
for	O
an	O
apparently	O
non-existent	O
person	O
named	O
Oliver	O
Taylor	O
,	O
whose	O
identity	O
was	O
described	O
as	O
a	O
university	O
student	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
experts	O
agreed	O
that	O
the	O
profile	O
photo	O
is	O
a	O
deepfake	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collections	O
of	O
deepfake	B-Application
photographs	O
of	O
non-existent	O
people	O
on	O
social	O
networks	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
deployed	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Israeli	O
partisan	O
propaganda	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Facebook	I-Application
page	O
"	O
Zionist	O
Spring	O
"	O
featured	O
photos	O
of	O
non-existent	O
persons	O
along	O
with	O
their	O
"	O
testimonies	O
"	O
purporting	O
to	O
explain	O
why	O
they	O
have	O
abandoned	O
their	O
left-leaning	O
politics	O
to	O
embrace	O
the	O
right-wing	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
page	O
also	O
contained	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
posts	O
from	O
Prime	O
Minister	O
of	O
Israel	O
Benjamin	O
Netanyahu	O
and	O
his	O
son	O
and	O
from	O
other	O
Israeli	O
right	O
wing	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
Facebook	B-Application
fake	O
profiles	O
—	O
profiles	O
of	O
fictitious	O
individuals	O
—	O
contained	O
material	O
that	O
allegedly	O
contained	O
such	O
incitement	O
against	O
the	O
right	O
wing	O
prime	O
minister	O
,	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
which	O
the	O
prime	O
minister	O
complained	O
that	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
plot	O
to	O
murder	O
him	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Audio	B-Algorithm
deepfakes	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
social	O
engineering	O
scams	O
,	O
fooling	O
people	O
into	O
thinking	O
they	O
are	O
receiving	O
instructions	O
from	O
a	O
trusted	O
individual	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
a	O
U.K.-based	O
energy	O
firm	O
's	O
CEO	O
was	O
scammed	O
over	O
the	O
phone	O
when	O
he	O
was	O
ordered	O
to	O
transfer	O
€	O
220,000	O
into	O
a	O
Hungarian	O
bank	O
account	O
by	O
an	O
individual	O
who	O
used	O
audio	B-Algorithm
deepfake	I-Algorithm
technology	O
to	O
impersonate	O
the	O
voice	O
of	O
the	O
firm	O
's	O
parent	O
company	O
's	O
chief	O
executive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
fake	O
photos	O
have	O
long	O
been	O
plentiful	O
,	O
faking	O
motion	O
pictures	O
has	O
been	O
more	O
difficult	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
increases	O
the	O
difficulty	O
of	O
classifying	O
videos	O
as	O
genuine	O
or	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI	B-Application
researcher	O
Alex	O
Champandard	O
has	O
said	O
people	O
should	O
know	O
how	O
fast	O
things	O
can	O
be	O
corrupted	O
with	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
problem	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
technical	O
one	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
one	O
to	O
be	O
solved	O
by	O
trust	O
in	O
information	O
and	O
journalism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfakes	B-Application
can	O
be	O
leveraged	O
to	O
defame	O
,	O
impersonate	O
,	O
and	O
spread	O
disinformation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
computer	O
science	O
associate	O
professor	O
Hao	O
Li	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Southern	O
California	O
states	O
that	O
deepfakes	B-Application
created	O
for	O
malicious	O
use	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
fake	O
news	O
,	O
will	O
be	O
even	O
more	O
harmful	O
if	O
nothing	O
is	O
done	O
to	O
spread	O
awareness	O
of	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Li	O
predicted	O
that	O
genuine	O
videos	O
and	O
deepfakes	B-Application
would	O
become	O
indistinguishable	O
in	O
as	O
soon	O
as	O
half	O
a	O
year	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
October	O
2019	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
rapid	O
advancement	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
computer	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Former	O
Google	B-Application
fraud	O
czar	O
Shuman	O
Ghosemajumder	O
has	O
called	O
deepfakes	B-Application
an	O
area	O
of	O
"	O
societal	O
concern	O
"	O
and	O
said	O
that	O
they	O
will	O
inevitably	O
evolve	O
to	O
a	O
point	O
at	O
which	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
generated	O
automatically	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
individual	O
could	O
use	O
that	O
technology	O
to	O
produce	O
millions	O
of	O
deepfake	B-Application
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
consequences	O
of	O
a	O
deepfake	B-Application
are	O
not	O
significant	O
enough	O
to	O
destabilize	O
the	O
entire	O
government	O
system	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
deepfakes	B-Application
possess	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
damage	O
individual	O
entities	O
tremendously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
because	O
deepfakes	B-Application
are	O
often	O
targeted	O
at	O
one	O
individual	O
,	O
and/or	O
their	O
relations	O
to	O
others	O
in	O
hopes	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
narrative	O
powerful	O
enough	O
to	O
influence	O
public	O
opinion	O
or	O
beliefs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
through	O
deepfake	B-Application
voice	O
phishing	O
,	O
which	O
manipulates	O
audio	O
to	O
create	O
fake	O
phone	O
calls	O
or	O
conversations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
method	O
of	O
deepfake	B-Application
use	O
is	O
fabricated	O
private	O
remarks	O
,	O
which	O
manipulate	O
media	O
to	O
convey	O
individuals	O
voicing	O
damaging	O
comments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2020	O
Microsoft	O
made	O
public	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
developing	O
a	O
Deepfake	B-Application
detection	O
software	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
17	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
American	O
actor	O
Jordan	O
Peele	O
,	O
BuzzFeed	O
,	O
and	O
Monkeypaw	O
Productions	O
posted	O
a	O
deepfake	B-Application
of	O
Barack	O
Obama	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
depicted	O
Barack	O
Obama	O
cursing	O
and	O
calling	O
Donald	O
Trump	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
deepfake	B-Application
Peele	O
's	O
voice	O
and	O
face	O
were	O
transformed	O
and	O
manipulated	O
into	O
those	O
of	O
Obama	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
intent	O
of	O
this	O
video	O
was	O
to	O
portray	O
the	O
dangerous	O
consequences	O
and	O
power	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
,	O
and	O
how	O
deepfakes	B-Application
can	O
make	O
anyone	O
say	O
anything	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
5	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
Derpfakes	O
posted	O
a	O
deepfake	B-Application
of	O
Donald	O
Trump	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
skit	O
Jimmy	O
Fallon	O
performed	O
on	O
NBC	O
's	O
The	O
Tonight	O
Show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
deepfake	B-Application
,	O
Jimmy	O
Fallon	O
's	O
face	O
was	O
transformed	O
into	O
Donald	O
Trump	O
's	O
face	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
audio	O
remaining	O
the	O
same	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
deepfake	B-Application
video	O
was	O
produced	O
by	O
Derpfakes	O
with	O
a	O
comedic	O
intent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critics	O
argue	O
that	O
this	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
deepfake	B-Application
,	O
but	O
a	O
shallowfake	O
;	O
a	O
less	O
sophisticated	O
form	O
of	O
video	O
manipulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
29	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
deepfakes	B-Application
of	O
North	O
Korean	O
leader	O
Kim	O
Jong-un	O
and	O
Russian	O
President	O
Vladimir	O
Putin	O
were	O
uploaded	O
to	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
created	O
by	O
a	O
nonpartisan	O
advocacy	O
group	O
RepresentUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
deepfakes	B-Application
of	O
Kim	O
and	O
Putin	O
were	O
meant	O
to	O
air	O
publicly	O
as	O
commercials	O
to	O
relay	O
the	O
notion	O
that	O
interference	O
by	O
these	O
leaders	O
in	O
US	O
elections	O
would	O
be	O
detrimental	O
to	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
 '	O
democracy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
16	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
a	O
one-minute	O
long	O
deepfake	B-Application
video	O
depicting	O
Ukraine	O
's	O
president	O
Volodymyr	O
Zelenskyy	O
seemingly	O
telling	O
his	O
soldiers	O
to	O
lay	O
down	O
their	O
arms	O
and	O
surrender	O
during	O
the	O
2022	O
Russian	O
invasion	O
of	O
Ukraine	O
was	O
circulated	O
on	O
social	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Russian	O
social	O
media	O
boosted	O
it	O
,	O
but	O
after	O
it	O
was	O
debunked	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
removed	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
allowed	O
the	O
video	O
in	O
tweets	O
where	O
it	O
was	O
exposed	O
as	O
a	O
fake	O
,	O
but	O
said	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
taken	O
down	O
if	O
posted	O
to	O
deceive	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
not	O
immediately	O
clear	O
who	O
created	O
the	O
deepfake	B-Application
,	O
to	O
which	O
Zelenskyy	O
responded	O
with	O
his	O
own	O
video	O
,	O
saying	O
,	O
"	O
We	O
do	O
n't	O
plan	O
to	O
lay	O
down	O
any	O
arms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2022	O
,	O
pro-China	O
propagandists	O
started	O
spreading	O
deepfake	B-Application
videos	O
purporting	O
to	O
be	O
from	O
"	O
Wolf	O
News	O
"	O
that	O
used	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
actors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
taking	O
active	O
measures	O
to	O
handle	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
and	O
manipulated	O
media	O
on	O
their	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
prevent	O
disinformation	O
from	O
spreading	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
placing	O
a	O
notice	O
on	O
tweets	O
that	O
contain	O
manipulated	O
media	O
and/or	O
deepfakes	B-Application
that	O
signal	O
to	O
viewers	O
that	O
the	O
media	O
is	O
manipulated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
will	O
also	O
work	O
to	O
provide	O
users	O
a	O
link	O
next	O
to	O
the	O
tweet	O
containing	O
manipulated	O
or	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
that	O
links	O
to	O
a	O
Twitter	B-Application
Moment	O
or	O
credible	O
news	O
article	O
on	O
the	O
related	O
topic	O
—	O
as	O
a	O
debunking	O
action	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
also	O
has	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
remove	O
any	O
tweets	O
containing	O
deepfakes	B-Application
or	O
manipulated	O
media	O
that	O
may	O
pose	O
a	O
harm	O
to	O
users	O
 '	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
better	O
improve	O
Twitter	B-Application
's	O
detection	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
and	O
manipulated	O
media	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
has	O
asked	O
users	O
who	O
are	O
interested	O
in	O
partnering	O
with	O
them	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
deepfake	B-Application
detection	O
solutions	O
to	O
fill	O
out	O
a	O
form	O
(	O
that	O
is	O
due	O
27	O
November	O
2020	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facebook	B-Application
has	O
taken	O
efforts	O
towards	O
encouraging	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
develop	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
deepfake	B-Application
detection	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facebook	B-Application
was	O
the	O
prominent	O
partner	O
in	O
hosting	O
the	O
Deepfake	B-Application
Detection	O
Challenge	O
(	O
DFDC	O
)	O
,	O
held	O
December	O
2019	O
,	O
to	O
2114	O
participants	O
who	O
generated	O
more	O
than	O
35,000	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
top	O
performing	O
models	O
with	O
the	O
highest	O
detection	O
accuracy	O
were	O
analyzed	O
for	O
similarities	O
and	O
differences	O
;	O
these	O
findings	O
are	O
areas	O
of	O
interest	O
in	O
further	O
research	O
to	O
improve	O
and	O
refine	O
deepfake	B-Application
detection	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facebook	B-Application
has	O
also	O
detailed	O
that	O
the	O
platform	O
will	O
be	O
taking	O
down	O
media	O
generated	O
with	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
used	O
to	O
alter	O
an	O
individual	O
's	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
media	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
edited	O
to	O
alter	O
the	O
order	O
or	O
context	O
of	O
words	O
in	O
one	O
's	O
message	O
would	O
remain	O
on	O
the	O
site	O
but	O
be	O
labeled	O
as	O
false	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
generated	O
by	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
academic	O
research	O
surrounding	O
deepfakes	B-Application
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
detection	O
deepfake	B-Application
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
approach	O
to	O
deepfake	B-Application
detection	O
is	O
to	O
use	O
algorithms	O
to	O
recognize	O
patterns	O
and	O
pick	O
up	O
subtle	O
inconsistencies	O
that	O
arise	O
in	O
deepfake	B-Application
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
approach	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
because	O
deepfake	B-Application
detection	O
is	O
characterized	O
by	O
a	O
"	O
moving	O
goal	O
post	O
"	O
where	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
continues	O
to	O
change	O
and	O
improve	O
as	O
algorithms	O
to	O
detect	O
deepfakes	B-Application
improve	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
most	O
effective	O
algorithms	O
for	O
detecting	O
deepfakes	B-Application
,	O
a	O
coalition	O
of	O
leading	O
technology	O
companies	O
hosted	O
the	O
Deepfake	B-Application
Detection	O
Challenge	O
to	O
accelerate	O
the	O
technology	O
for	O
identifying	O
manipulated	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
winning	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
Deepfake	B-Application
Detection	O
Challenge	O
was	O
65%	O
accurate	O
on	O
the	O
holdout	O
set	O
of	O
4,000	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
those	O
depicted	O
to	O
spot	O
deepfakes	B-Application
with	O
a	O
high	O
rate	O
of	O
success	O
,	O
even	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
detection	O
tool	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
for	O
the	O
time	O
being	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
team	O
led	O
by	O
Wael	O
AbdAlmageed	O
with	O
Visual	O
Intelligence	O
and	O
Multimedia	O
Analytics	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
VIMAL	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
Information	O
Sciences	O
Institute	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
Of	O
Southern	O
California	O
developed	O
two	O
generations	O
of	O
deepfake	B-Application
detectors	O
based	O
on	O
convolutional	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
generation	O
used	O
recurrent	B-Algorithm
neural	I-Algorithm
networks	I-Algorithm
to	O
spot	O
spatio-temporal	O
inconsistencies	O
to	O
identify	O
visual	O
artifacts	O
left	O
by	O
the	O
deepfake	B-Application
generation	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
algorithm	O
archived	O
96%	O
accuracy	O
on	O
FaceForensics++	O
;	O
the	O
only	O
large-scale	O
deepfake	B-Application
benchmark	O
available	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
features	O
)	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
VIMAL	O
's	O
approach	O
showed	O
state-of-the-art	O
performance	O
on	O
FaceForensics++	O
and	O
Celeb-DF	O
benchmarks	O
,	O
and	O
on	O
March	O
16	O
,	O
2022	O
(	O
the	O
same	O
day	O
of	O
the	O
release	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
deepfake	B-Application
of	O
Volodymyr	O
Zelensky	O
out-of-the-box	O
without	O
any	O
retraining	O
or	O
knowledge	O
of	O
the	O
algorithm	O
with	O
which	O
the	O
deepfake	B-Application
was	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
techniques	O
suggest	O
that	O
blockchain	B-Application
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
verify	O
the	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
technology	O
,	O
only	O
videos	O
from	O
trusted	O
sources	O
would	O
be	O
approved	O
,	O
decreasing	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
possibly	O
harmful	O
deepfake	B-Application
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digitally	O
signing	O
of	O
all	O
video	O
and	O
imagery	O
by	O
cameras	O
and	O
video	O
cameras	O
,	O
including	O
smartphone	O
cameras	O
,	O
was	O
suggested	O
to	O
fight	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
easy	O
way	O
to	O
uncover	O
deepfake	B-Application
video	O
calls	O
consists	O
in	O
asking	O
the	O
caller	O
to	O
turn	O
sideways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2017	O
,	O
Samantha	O
Cole	O
of	O
Vice	O
published	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
articles	O
covering	O
news	O
surrounding	O
deepfake	B-Application
pornography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
31	O
January	O
2018	O
,	O
Gfycat	O
began	O
removing	O
all	O
deepfakes	B-Application
from	O
its	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Reddit	B-Application
,	O
the	O
r/deepfakes	O
subreddit	O
was	O
banned	O
on	O
7	O
February	O
2018	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
policy	O
violation	O
of	O
"	O
involuntary	O
pornography	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
month	O
,	O
representatives	O
from	O
Twitter	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
suspend	O
accounts	O
suspected	O
of	O
posting	O
non-consensual	O
deepfake	B-Application
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chat	O
site	O
Discord	B-Application
has	O
taken	O
action	O
against	O
deepfakes	B-Application
in	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
taken	O
a	O
general	O
stance	O
against	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2018	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
added	O
"	O
involuntary	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
pornographic	O
imagery	O
"	O
to	O
its	O
ban	O
list	O
,	O
allowing	O
anyone	O
to	O
request	O
the	O
block	O
of	O
results	O
showing	O
their	O
fake	O
nudes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2018	O
,	O
Pornhub	O
said	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
ban	O
deepfake	B-Application
videos	O
on	O
its	O
website	O
because	O
it	O
is	O
considered	O
"	O
non	O
consensual	O
content	O
"	O
which	O
violates	O
their	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
stated	O
previously	O
to	O
Mashable	O
that	O
they	O
will	O
take	O
down	O
content	O
flagged	O
as	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writers	O
from	O
Motherboard	O
from	O
Buzzfeed	O
News	O
reported	O
that	O
searching	O
"	O
deepfakes	B-Application
"	O
on	O
Pornhub	O
still	O
returned	O
multiple	O
recent	O
deepfake	B-Application
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facebook	B-Application
has	O
previously	O
stated	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
not	O
remove	O
deepfakes	B-Application
from	O
their	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
response	O
was	O
prompted	O
in	O
June	O
2019	O
after	O
a	O
deepfake	B-Application
featuring	O
a	O
2016	O
video	O
of	O
Mark	O
Zuckerberg	O
circulated	O
on	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
Instagram	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
officially	O
changed	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
for	O
their	O
Jupyter	O
Notebook	O
colabs	O
,	O
banning	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
their	O
colab	O
service	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
creating	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
came	O
a	O
few	O
days	O
after	O
a	O
VICE	O
article	O
had	O
been	O
published	O
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
"	O
most	O
deepfakes	B-Application
are	O
non-consensual	O
porn	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
main	O
use	O
of	O
popular	O
deepfake	B-Application
software	O
DeepFaceLab	O
(	O
DFL	O
)	O
,	O
"	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
technology	O
powering	O
the	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
this	O
generation	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
"	O
which	O
often	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
colabs	O
,	O
would	O
be	O
to	O
create	O
non-consensual	O
pornography	O
,	O
by	O
pointing	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
among	O
many	O
other	O
well-known	O
examples	O
of	O
third-party	O
DFL	O
implementations	O
such	O
as	O
deepfakes	B-Application
commissioned	O
by	O
The	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Company	O
,	O
official	O
music	O
videos	O
,	O
and	O
web	O
series	O
Sassy	O
Justice	O
by	O
the	O
creators	O
of	O
South	B-Application
Park	I-Application
,	O
DFL	O
's	O
GitHub	B-Application
page	O
also	O
links	O
to	O
deepfake	B-Application
porn	O
website	O
Mr.	O
Deepfake	B-Application
and	O
participants	O
of	O
the	O
DFL	O
Discord	B-Application
server	O
also	O
participate	O
on	O
Mr.	O
Deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
there	O
have	O
been	O
some	O
responses	O
to	O
the	O
problems	O
posed	O
by	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
Malicious	O
Deep	B-Application
Fake	I-Application
Prohibition	O
Act	O
was	O
introduced	O
to	O
the	O
US	O
Senate	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
2019	O
the	O
DEEPFAKES	B-Application
Accountability	O
Act	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
House	O
of	O
Representatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
states	O
have	O
also	O
introduced	O
legislation	O
regarding	O
deepfakes	B-Application
,	O
including	O
Virginia	O
,	O
Texas	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
and	O
New	O
York	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
602	O
provides	O
individuals	O
targeted	O
by	O
sexually	O
explicit	O
deepfake	B-Application
content	O
made	O
without	O
their	O
consent	O
with	O
a	O
cause	O
of	O
action	O
against	O
the	O
content	O
's	O
creator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
730	O
prohibits	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
malicious	O
deepfake	B-Application
audio	O
or	O
visual	O
media	O
targeting	O
a	O
candidate	O
running	O
for	O
public	O
office	O
within	O
60	O
days	O
of	O
their	O
election	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2019	O
China	O
announced	O
that	O
deepfakes	B-Application
and	O
other	O
synthetically	O
faked	O
footage	O
should	O
bear	O
a	O
clear	O
notice	O
about	O
their	O
fakeness	O
starting	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
producers	O
of	O
deepfake	B-Application
material	O
can	O
be	O
prosecuted	O
for	O
harassment	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
are	O
calls	O
to	O
make	O
deepfake	B-Application
a	O
specific	O
crime	O
;	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
where	O
charges	O
as	O
varied	O
as	O
identity	O
theft	O
,	O
cyberstalking	O
,	O
and	O
revenge	O
porn	O
have	O
been	O
pursued	O
,	O
the	O
notion	O
of	O
a	O
more	O
comprehensive	O
statute	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
discussed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Canada	O
,	O
the	O
Communications	O
Security	O
Establishment	O
released	O
a	O
report	O
which	O
said	O
that	O
deepfakes	B-Application
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
interfere	O
in	O
Canadian	O
politics	O
,	O
particularly	O
to	O
discredit	O
politicians	O
and	O
influence	O
voters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
multiple	O
ways	O
for	O
citizens	O
in	O
Canada	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
deepfakes	B-Application
if	O
they	O
are	O
targeted	O
by	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
Defense	O
Advanced	O
Research	O
Projects	O
Agency	O
(	O
DARPA	O
)	O
funded	O
a	O
project	O
where	O
individuals	O
will	O
compete	O
to	O
create	O
AI-generated	O
videos	O
,	O
audio	O
,	O
and	O
images	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
automated	O
tools	O
to	O
detect	O
these	O
deepfakes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
DARPA	O
hosted	O
a	O
"	O
proposers	O
day	O
"	O
for	O
a	O
project	O
affiliated	O
with	O
the	O
Semantic	O
Forensics	O
Program	O
where	O
researchers	O
were	O
driven	O
to	O
prevent	O
viral	O
spread	O
of	O
AI-manipulated	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DARPA	O
and	O
the	O
Semantic	O
Forensics	O
Program	O
were	O
also	O
working	O
together	O
to	O
detect	O
AI-manipulated	O
media	O
through	O
efforts	O
in	O
training	O
computers	O
to	O
utilize	O
common	O
sense	O
,	O
logical	O
reasoning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
DARPA	O
created	O
a	O
Media	O
Forensics	O
(	O
MediFor	O
)	O
program	O
,	O
to	O
detect	O
and	O
mitigate	O
the	O
increasing	O
harm	O
that	O
deepfakes	B-Application
and	O
AI-generated	B-General_Concept
media	I-General_Concept
posed	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
information	O
regarding	O
how	O
the	O
media	O
was	O
created	O
and	O
to	O
address	O
and	O
emphasize	O
the	O
consequential	O
role	O
of	O
deepfakes	B-Application
and	O
their	O
influence	O
upon	O
decision	O
making	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1992	O
techno-thriller	O
A	O
Philosophical	O
Investigation	O
by	O
Philip	O
Kerr	O
,	O
"	O
Wittgenstein	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
character	O
and	O
a	O
serial	O
killer	O
,	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
both	O
a	O
software	O
similar	O
to	O
deepfake	B-Application
and	O
a	O
virtual	O
reality	O
suit	O
for	O
having	O
sex	O
with	O
an	O
avatar	O
of	O
Isadora	O
"	O
Jake	O
"	O
Jakowicz	O
,	O
the	O
female	O
police	O
lieutenant	O
assigned	O
to	O
catch	O
him	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
plot	O
of	O
the	O
2019	O
BBC	O
One	O
TV	O
series	O
The	O
Capture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
series	O
follows	O
politician	O
Isaac	O
Turner	O
who	O
discovers	O
that	O
another	O
deepfake	B-Application
is	O
tarnishing	O
his	O
reputation	O
until	O
the	O
"	O
correction	O
"	O
is	O
eventually	O
exposed	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Al	O
Davis	O
vs.	O
the	O
NFL	O
:	O
The	O
narrative	O
structure	O
of	O
this	O
2021	O
documentary	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
ESPN	O
's	O
30	O
for	O
30	O
documentary	O
series	O
,	O
uses	O
deepfake	B-Application
versions	O
of	O
the	O
film	O
's	O
two	O
central	O
characters	O
,	O
both	O
deceased	O
—	O
Al	O
Davis	O
,	O
who	O
owned	O
the	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
Raiders	O
during	O
the	O
team	O
's	O
tenure	O
in	O
Oakland	O
and	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
,	O
and	O
Pete	O
Rozelle	O
,	O
the	O
NFL	O
commissioner	O
who	O
frequently	O
clashed	O
with	O
Davis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
is	O
featured	O
in	O
"	O
Impawster	O
Syndrome	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
57th	O
episode	O
of	O
the	O
Canadian	O
police	O
series	O
Hudson	O
&	O
Rex	O
,	O
first	O
broadcast	O
on	O
6	O
January	O
2022	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
St.	O
John	O
's	O
police	O
team	O
is	O
investigated	O
on	O
suspicion	O
of	O
robbery	O
and	O
assault	O
due	O
to	O
doctored	O
CCTV	O
footage	O
using	O
his	O
likeness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
in	O
his	O
music	O
video	O
for	O
his	O
2022	O
single	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
Heart	O
Part	O
5	O
"	O
,	O
musician	O
Kendrick	O
Lamar	O
transformed	O
into	O
figures	O
resembling	O
Nipsey	O
Hussle	O
,	O
O.J.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
deepfake	B-Application
technology	O
in	O
the	O
video	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
Deep	O
Voodoo	O
,	O
a	O
studio	O
led	O
by	O
Trey	O
Parker	O
and	O
Matt	O
Stone	O
,	O
who	O
created	O
South	B-Application
Park	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aloe	O
Blacc	O
honored	O
his	O
long-time	O
collaborator	O
Avicii	O
four	O
years	O
after	O
his	O
death	O
by	O
performing	O
their	O
song	O
"	O
Wake	O
Me	O
Up	O
"	O
in	O
English	O
,	O
Spanish	O
,	O
and	O
Mandarin	O
,	O
using	O
deepfake	B-Application
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
