<s>
Decentralized	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
allocation	O
of	O
resources	O
,	O
both	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and	O
software	B-Application
,	O
to	O
each	O
individual	O
workstation	B-Device
,	O
or	O
office	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
centralized	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
exists	O
when	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
functions	O
are	O
carried	O
out	O
,	O
or	O
obtained	O
from	O
a	O
remote	O
centralized	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Decentralized	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
trend	O
in	O
modern-day	O
business	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
opposite	O
of	O
centralized	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
was	O
prevalent	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
of	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
decentralized	O
computer	O
system	O
has	O
many	O
benefits	O
over	O
a	O
conventional	O
centralized	O
network	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
have	O
advanced	O
so	O
rapidly	O
,	O
that	O
their	O
potential	O
performance	O
far	O
exceeds	O
the	O
requirements	O
of	O
most	O
business	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
results	O
in	O
most	O
desktop	B-Device
computers	I-Device
remaining	O
idle	B-Algorithm
(	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
their	O
full	O
potential	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
computers	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
updated	O
individually	O
with	O
new	O
software	B-Application
,	O
unlike	O
a	O
centralized	O
computer	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Decentralized	O
systems	O
still	O
enable	O
file	O
sharing	O
and	O
all	O
computers	O
can	O
share	O
peripherals	B-Device
such	O
as	O
printers	O
and	O
scanners	B-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
modems	B-Application
,	O
allowing	O
all	O
the	O
computers	O
in	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
to	O
connect	O
to	O
the	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
collection	O
of	O
decentralized	O
computers	O
systems	O
are	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
larger	O
computer	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
,	O
held	O
together	O
by	O
local	O
stations	O
of	O
equal	O
importance	O
and	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
origins	O
of	O
decentralized	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
originate	O
from	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
David	O
Chaum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
1979	O
he	O
conceived	O
the	O
first	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
decentralized	O
computer	O
system	O
known	O
as	O
Mix	B-Protocol
Network	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provided	O
an	O
anonymous	O
email	O
communications	O
network	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
decentralized	O
the	O
authentication	O
of	O
the	O
messages	O
in	O
a	O
protocol	O
that	O
would	O
become	O
the	O
precursor	O
to	O
Onion	B-Protocol
Routing	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
protocol	O
of	O
the	O
TOR	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
this	O
initial	O
development	O
of	O
an	O
anonymous	O
communications	O
network	B-Architecture
,	O
David	O
Chaum	O
applied	O
his	O
Mix	B-Protocol
Network	I-Protocol
philosophy	O
to	O
design	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
decentralized	O
payment	O
system	O
and	O
patented	O
it	O
in	O
1980	O
(	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
in	O
1982	O
,	O
for	O
his	O
PhD	O
dissertation	O
,	O
he	O
wrote	O
about	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
decentralized	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
services	O
in	O
the	O
paper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
main	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
to	O
which	O
satellite	O
systems	O
are	O
subordinate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
approach	O
to	O
software	B-Application
development	O
(	O
and	O
distribution	O
)	O
affords	O
developers	O
great	O
savings	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
do	O
n't	O
have	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
central	O
control	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
application	O
is	O
LAN	B-Protocol
messaging	I-Protocol
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
communicate	O
without	O
a	O
central	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peer-to-peer	O
networks	O
,	O
where	O
no	O
entity	O
controls	O
an	O
effective	O
or	O
controlling	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
nodes	O
,	O
running	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
also	O
not	O
controlled	O
by	O
any	O
entity	O
,	O
are	O
said	O
to	O
effect	O
a	O
decentralized	O
network	B-Architecture
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	B-Architecture
operates	O
on	O
the	O
principles	O
,	O
and	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
code	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
such	O
decentralized	O
network	B-Architecture
protocols	O
emerged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
early	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
used	O
decentralized	O
protocols	O
included	O
the	O
Bitcoin	B-Protocol
,	O
Ethereum	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Binance	O
Chain	O
blockchains	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Uniswap	B-Protocol
,	O
SushiSwap	O
,	O
and	O
Compound	O
decentralized	B-Protocol
finance	I-Protocol
(	O
DeFi	B-Protocol
)	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
notable	O
debates	O
over	O
decentralized	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
involved	O
Napster	O
,	O
a	O
music	O
file	O
sharing	O
application	O
,	O
which	O
granted	O
users	O
access	O
to	O
an	O
enormous	O
database	O
of	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Napster	O
was	O
found	O
in	O
violation	O
of	O
copyright	O
laws	O
by	O
distributing	O
unlicensed	O
software	B-Application
,	O
and	O
was	O
shut	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gnutella	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
decentralized	O
system	O
,	O
was	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
system	O
allowed	O
files	O
to	O
be	O
queried	O
and	O
shared	O
between	O
users	O
without	O
relying	O
upon	O
a	O
central	O
directory	B-Application
,	O
and	O
this	O
decentralization	O
shielded	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
from	O
litigation	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
actions	O
of	O
individual	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
