<s>
Dataism	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
term	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
mindset	O
or	O
philosophy	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
emerging	O
significance	O
of	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Steve	O
Lohr	O
's	O
book	O
Data-ism	O
looked	O
at	O
how	O
Big	B-Application
Data	I-Application
is	O
transforming	O
society	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
term	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
Big	B-Application
Data	I-Application
revolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
2016	O
book	O
Homo	O
Deus	O
:	O
A	O
Brief	O
History	O
of	O
Tomorrow	O
,	O
Yuval	O
Noah	O
Harari	O
argues	O
that	O
all	O
competing	O
political	O
or	O
social	O
structures	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
data	O
processing	O
systems	O
:	O
"	O
Dataism	B-General_Concept
declares	O
that	O
the	O
universe	O
consists	O
of	O
data	O
flows	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
any	O
phenomenon	O
or	O
entity	O
is	O
determined	O
by	O
its	O
contribution	O
to	O
data	O
processing	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
we	O
may	O
interpret	O
the	O
entire	O
human	O
species	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
data	O
processing	O
system	O
,	O
with	O
individual	O
humans	O
serving	O
as	O
its	O
chips.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Harari	O
argues	O
that	O
Aaron	O
Swartz	O
could	O
be	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
first	O
martyr	O
"	O
of	O
Dataism	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commenting	O
on	O
Harari	O
's	O
characterisation	O
of	O
Dataism	B-General_Concept
,	O
security	O
analyst	O
Daniel	O
Miessler	O
believes	O
that	O
Dataism	B-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
present	O
the	O
challenge	O
to	O
the	O
ideology	O
of	O
liberal	O
humanism	O
that	O
Harari	O
claims	O
,	O
because	O
humans	O
will	O
simultaneously	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
believe	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
importance	O
and	O
that	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Harari	O
himself	O
raises	O
some	O
criticisms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
consciousness	O
,	O
which	O
Dataism	B-General_Concept
is	O
unlikely	O
to	O
illuminate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dataism	B-General_Concept
implies	O
that	O
all	O
data	O
is	O
public	O
,	O
even	O
personal	O
data	O
,	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
system	O
work	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
factor	O
that	O
's	O
already	O
showing	O
resistance	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
analysts	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Terry	O
Ortleib	O
,	O
have	O
looked	O
at	O
the	O
extent	O
to	O
which	O
Dataism	B-General_Concept
poses	O
a	O
dystopian	O
threat	O
to	O
humanity	O
.	O
</s>
