<s>
Database	B-General_Concept
preservation	I-General_Concept
usually	O
involves	O
converting	O
the	O
information	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
database	O
to	O
a	O
form	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
accessible	O
in	O
the	O
long	O
term	O
as	O
technology	O
changes	O
,	O
without	O
losing	O
the	O
initial	O
characteristics	O
(	O
context	O
,	O
content	O
,	O
structure	O
,	O
appearance	O
and	O
behaviour	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
basic	O
methods	O
of	O
database	B-General_Concept
preservation	I-General_Concept
:	O
migration	B-General_Concept
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
emulation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
certain	O
tools	O
,	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
projects	O
which	O
have	O
been	O
created	O
to	O
aid	O
in	O
the	O
preservation	O
of	O
databases	O
including	O
SIARD	O
,	O
the	O
Digital	B-General_Concept
Preservation	O
Toolkit	O
,	O
CHRONOS	O
,	O
and	O
RODA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
are	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
tables	O
which	O
contain	O
data	O
in	O
records	O
and	O
these	O
tables	O
then	O
connect	O
to	O
one	O
another	O
through	O
common	O
data	O
points	O
that	O
are	O
stored	O
in	O
their	O
records	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
core	O
methods	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
preservation	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
preservation	O
of	O
databases	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
methods	O
include	O
migration	B-General_Concept
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
emulation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
migration	B-General_Concept
method	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
inactive	O
archiving	O
)	O
involves	O
transferring	O
data	O
from	O
an	O
obsolete	O
database	O
program	O
to	O
a	O
newer	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
methods	O
of	O
migration	B-General_Concept
:	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
,	O
interoperability	O
,	O
and	O
conversion	O
to	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XML	B-Protocol
method	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
XML	B-Protocol
normalization	O
)	O
involves	O
converting	O
original	O
database	O
information	O
to	O
the	O
XML	B-Protocol
standard	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XML	B-Protocol
as	O
a	O
format	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
particular	O
hardware	O
or	O
software	O
(	O
beyond	O
a	O
text	O
editor	O
or	O
word	O
processor	O
)	O
and	O
is	O
both	O
human	O
and	O
machine	O
readable	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
a	O
sustainable	O
format	O
for	O
preservation	O
and	O
storage	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
converting	O
data	O
to	O
XML	B-Protocol
format	O
,	O
certain	O
interactive	O
functionality	O
of	O
the	O
database	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
query	O
,	O
is	O
lost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
emulation	B-Application
method	O
involves	O
recreating	O
an	O
older	O
computing	O
environment	O
with	O
newer	O
technologies	O
and	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
an	O
outdated	O
database	O
could	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
an	O
emulator	B-Application
which	O
mimics	O
the	O
environment	O
that	O
the	O
database	O
was	O
originally	O
created	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.0	O
of	O
the	O
Software	O
Independent	O
Archiving	O
of	O
Relational	B-Application
Databases	I-Application
(	O
SIARD	O
)	O
format	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Swiss	O
Federal	O
Archives	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
designed	O
for	O
archiving	O
relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
in	O
a	O
vendor-neutral	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
SIARD	O
archive	O
is	O
a	O
ZIP-based	O
package	O
of	O
files	O
based	O
on	O
XML	B-Protocol
and	O
SQL:1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZIP	O
file	O
contains	O
an	O
XML	B-Protocol
file	O
describing	O
the	O
database	O
structure	O
(	O
metadata.xml	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
XML	B-Protocol
files	O
,	O
one	O
per	O
table	O
,	O
capturing	O
the	O
table	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
SIARD	O
archive	O
is	O
not	O
an	O
operational	O
database	O
but	O
supports	O
re-integration	O
of	O
the	O
archived	O
database	O
into	O
another	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	O
system	O
(	O
RDBMS	O
)	O
that	O
supports	O
SQL:1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
XML	B-Protocol
schema	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
researcher	O
José	O
Carlos	O
Ramalho	O
from	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Minho	O
to	O
capture	O
table	O
information	O
and	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
CHRONOS	O
is	O
a	O
software	O
product	O
which	O
serves	O
as	O
a	O
database	B-General_Concept
preservation	I-General_Concept
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CSP	O
Chronos	O
Archiving	O
represents	O
one	O
proprietary	O
solution	O
for	O
database	B-General_Concept
preservation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
CHRONOS	O
pulls	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
database	O
management	O
system	O
and	O
stores	O
it	O
in	O
a	O
CHRONOS	O
archive	O
as	O
text	O
or	O
XML	B-Protocol
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
CHRONOS	O
stores	O
data	O
in	O
plain	O
text	O
format	O
,	O
its	O
querying	O
capabilities	O
,	O
are	O
considered	O
comparable	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
series	O
of	O
steps	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
RODA	O
project	O
to	O
ingest	O
and	O
preserve	O
relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
in	O
a	O
normalized	O
format	O
,	O
represent	O
the	O
Database	B-General_Concept
Preservation	I-General_Concept
Toolkit	O
or	O
dbtoolkit	O
:	O
an	O
instrument	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
preservation	O
and	O
access	O
of	O
archived	O
databases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
Database	B-General_Concept
Preservation	I-General_Concept
Toolkit	O
,	O
to	O
achieve	O
normalization	O
of	O
relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
,	O
data	O
is	O
converted	O
to	O
DBML	O
(	O
Database	O
Markup	O
Language	O
)	O
or	O
SIARD	O
,	O
as	O
both	O
utilize	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
standard	O
format	O
which	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
specific	O
or	O
proprietary	O
software	O
or	O
hardware	O
—	O
ideal	O
for	O
a	O
preservation	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Database	B-General_Concept
Preservation	I-General_Concept
Toolkit	O
(	O
DBPTK	O
)	O
allows	O
conversion	O
between	O
database	O
formats	O
,	O
including	O
connection	O
to	O
live	O
systems	O
,	O
for	O
purposes	O
of	O
digitally	O
preserving	O
databases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
toolkit	O
allows	O
conversion	O
of	O
live	O
or	O
backed-up	O
databases	O
into	O
preservation	O
formats	O
such	O
as	O
SIARD	O
,	O
an	O
XML-based	O
format	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
database	B-General_Concept
preservation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
connectors	O
pair	O
with	O
a	O
particular	O
DBMS	O
,	O
extract	O
its	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
represent	O
it	O
in	O
XML	B-Protocol
form	O
which	O
then	O
leads	O
to	O
representation	O
in	O
DBML	O
and	O
SIARD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lots	B-Application
of	I-Application
Copies	I-Application
Keep	I-Application
Stuff	I-Application
Safe	I-Application
(	O
LOCKSS	B-Application
)	O
project	O
was	O
led	O
by	O
libraries	O
at	O
Stanford	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RODA	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
Repository	O
of	O
Authentic	O
Digital	B-General_Concept
Objects	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
project	O
launched	O
in	O
Portugal	O
in	O
2006	O
by	O
the	O
Portuguese	O
National	O
Archives	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
preserve	O
those	O
digital	B-General_Concept
objects	O
produced	O
by	O
Portugal	O
’s	O
government	O
institutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
aimed	O
to	O
combine	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
objects	O
into	O
one	O
repository	O
including	O
relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
singular	O
repository	O
of	O
many	O
differing	O
types	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
objects	O
,	O
RODA	O
aims	O
to	O
normalize	O
all	O
ingested	O
objects	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
to	O
minimize	O
the	O
format	O
types	O
utilized	O
to	O
store	O
documents	O
and	O
to	O
preserve	O
like	O
documents	O
in	O
like	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
RODA	O
project	O
emphasized	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
standardized	O
method	O
for	O
preserving	O
databases	O
as	O
digital	B-General_Concept
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Database	B-General_Concept
preservation	I-General_Concept
poses	O
a	O
unique	O
challenge	O
in	O
that	O
the	O
preservation	O
process	O
is	O
split	O
into	O
three	O
layers	O
:	O
data	O
,	O
structure	O
(	O
logic	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
semantics	O
(	O
interface	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
preserve	O
all	O
three	O
of	O
these	O
elements	O
,	O
the	O
RODA	O
project	O
developed	O
the	O
Database	B-General_Concept
Preservation	I-General_Concept
Toolkit	O
.	O
</s>
