<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
universalism	I-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
epistemological	O
framework	O
that	O
assumes	O
a	O
single	O
universal	O
narrative	O
of	O
any	O
dataset	O
without	O
any	O
consideration	O
of	O
geographical	O
borders	O
and	O
social	O
contexts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
reveals	O
intersections	O
of	O
data	O
politics	O
,	O
praxes	O
,	O
and	O
powers	O
at	O
play	O
which	O
challenges	O
data	B-General_Concept
universalism	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
misguided	O
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
data	O
lifecycle	O
is	O
enlarging	O
,	O
processed	O
small	O
data	O
that	O
are	O
grounded	O
within	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
are	O
compiled	O
and	O
formed	O
from	O
heterogeneous	O
sources	O
extracted	O
from	O
mainstream	O
places	O
,	O
forming	O
what	O
we	O
have	O
come	O
to	O
understand	O
as	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
push	O
toward	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
spurred	O
by	O
democratically	O
advanced	O
Western	O
voices	O
and	O
diffused	O
across	O
fragile	O
democracies	O
in	O
the	O
Global	O
South	O
with	O
no	O
consideration	O
to	O
the	O
geopolitical	O
context	O
and	O
influence	O
powers	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
landscape	O
in	O
countries	O
outside	O
the	O
West	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
universalism	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
critiqued	O
by	O
many	O
scholars	O
concerned	O
about	O
data	O
privacy	O
and	O
data	O
justice	O
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
it	O
conceals	O
cultural	O
specifications	O
and	O
diversity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Datafication	B-General_Concept
ought	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
through	O
the	O
lens	O
of	O
epistemic	O
diversity	O
and	O
justice	O
to	O
achieve	O
data	O
obedience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
,	O
people	O
are	O
encouraged	O
to	O
critically	O
examine	O
the	O
impacts	O
of	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
by	O
reimagining	O
people	O
and	O
places	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Milan	O
and	O
Treré	O
have	O
contended	O
that	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
privileged	O
practice	O
carried	O
by	O
dominant	O
Western	O
democracies	O
that	O
fail	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
richness	O
of	O
worldviews	O
and	O
meanings	O
of	O
the	O
South	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
promoted	O
by	O
Global	O
South	O
and	O
Indigenous	O
scholars	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
universalism	I-General_Concept
mistakenly	O
assumes	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
universal	O
when	O
it	O
ought	O
to	O
be	O
treated	O
differently	O
(	O
p.323	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
a	O
shift	O
from	O
a	O
technocentric	O
perspective	O
that	O
emphasizes	O
the	O
human	O
agency	O
behind	O
data	O
to	O
a	O
data	O
method	O
that	O
stimulate	O
discussion	O
about	O
the	O
repercussions	O
of	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
requires	O
relocating	O
the	O
agency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
push	O
for	O
bottom-up	O
data	O
practices	O
shifts	O
the	O
focus	O
of	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
to	O
data	O
justice	O
to	O
encourage	O
citizens	O
of	O
the	O
South	O
to	O
participate	O
in	O
political	O
agency	O
and	O
repel	O
an	O
oppressed	O
and	O
inequal	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
causes	O
skewed	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
generated	O
leading	O
to	O
unequal	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Colonialism	O
,	O
in	O
this	O
perspective	O
,	O
is	O
understood	O
as	O
data	O
colonialism	O
which	O
pressures	O
but	O
also	O
exploits	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
on	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wave	O
of	O
the	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
revolution	O
feeds	O
on	O
insights	O
into	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
data	O
,	O
how	O
knowledge	O
is	O
produced	O
,	O
and	O
how	O
it	O
is	O
conducted	O
and	O
governed	O
while	O
using	O
new	O
epistemologies	O
to	O
make	O
sense	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
