<s>
Data	B-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
a	O
term	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
an	O
organized	O
collection	O
of	O
symbols	O
and	O
processes	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
operate	O
on	O
such	O
symbols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
organised	O
collection	O
of	O
symbols	O
and	O
symbol-manipulating	O
operations	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
a	O
data	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hence	O
,	O
human-speech	O
analysed	O
at	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
phonemes	B-Language
can	O
be	O
considered	O
a	O
data	B-Application
system	I-Application
as	O
can	O
the	O
Incan	O
artefact	O
of	O
the	O
khipu	O
and	O
an	O
image	O
stored	O
as	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	B-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
defined	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
some	O
data	B-Application
model	I-Application
and	O
bears	O
a	O
resemblance	O
to	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
physical	O
symbol	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Symbols	O
within	O
some	O
data	B-Application
systems	I-Application
may	O
be	O
persistent	O
or	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
stored	O
on	O
some	O
peripheral	O
storage	O
device	O
are	O
persistent	O
symbols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
education	O
,	O
a	O
data	B-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
that	O
aims	O
to	O
provide	O
educators	O
with	O
student	O
data	O
to	O
help	O
solve	O
educational	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
data	B-Application
systems	I-Application
include	O
Student	B-Application
Information	I-Application
Systems	I-Application
(	O
SISs	O
)	O
,	O
assessment	O
systems	O
,	O
Instructional	O
Management	O
Systems	O
(	O
IMSs	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
data-warehousing	O
systems	O
,	O
but	O
distinctions	O
between	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
data	B-Application
systems	I-Application
are	O
blurring	O
as	O
these	O
separate	O
systems	O
begin	O
to	O
serve	O
more	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
systems	I-Application
that	O
present	O
data	O
to	O
educators	O
in	O
an	O
over-the-counter	O
data	O
format	O
embed	O
labels	O
,	O
supplemental	O
documentation	O
,	O
and	O
help	O
system	O
and	O
make	O
key	O
package/display	O
and	O
content	O
decisions	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
accuracy	O
of	O
data	B-Application
system	I-Application
users’	O
data	O
analyses	O
.	O
</s>
