<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
preprocessing	I-General_Concept
can	O
refer	O
to	O
manipulation	O
or	O
dropping	O
of	O
data	O
before	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
ensure	O
or	O
enhance	O
performance	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
step	O
in	O
the	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
phrase	O
"	O
garbage	O
in	O
,	O
garbage	O
out	O
"	O
is	O
particularly	O
applicable	O
to	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
preprocessing	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
phase	O
of	O
a	O
machine	O
learning	O
project	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
computational	O
biology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
preparation	I-General_Concept
and	O
filtering	O
steps	O
can	O
take	O
considerable	O
amount	O
of	O
processing	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
preprocessing	I-General_Concept
include	O
cleaning	O
,	O
instance	B-Algorithm
selection	I-Algorithm
,	O
normalization	O
,	O
one	O
hot	O
encoding	O
,	O
transformation	B-General_Concept
,	O
feature	B-Algorithm
extraction	I-Algorithm
and	O
selection	B-General_Concept
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
product	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
preprocessing	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
final	O
training	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
preprocessing	I-General_Concept
may	O
affect	O
the	O
way	O
in	O
which	O
outcomes	O
of	O
the	O
final	O
data	O
processing	O
can	O
be	O
interpreted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
reason	O
that	O
one	O
might	O
have	O
to	O
delete	O
such	O
data	O
is	O
because	O
the	O
impossible	O
data	O
will	O
affect	O
the	O
calculation	O
or	O
data	O
manipulation	O
process	O
in	O
the	O
later	O
steps	O
of	O
the	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
We	O
edit	O
the	O
dataset	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
clearer	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
when	O
performing	O
data	O
manipulation	O
in	O
the	O
later	O
steps	O
within	O
the	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
We	O
can	O
use	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
Data	B-General_Concept
reduction	I-General_Concept
and	O
sort	O
the	O
data	O
by	O
Sex	O
and	O
by	O
doing	O
this	O
we	O
can	O
simplify	O
our	O
dataset	O
and	O
choose	O
what	O
Sex	O
we	O
want	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
origins	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
preprocessing	I-General_Concept
are	O
located	O
in	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
it	O
was	O
recognized	O
,	O
that	O
for	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
neural	O
networks	O
a	O
data	B-General_Concept
preprocessing	I-General_Concept
step	O
is	O
needed	O
too	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
preprocessing	I-General_Concept
allows	O
for	O
the	O
removal	O
of	O
unwanted	O
data	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
data	O
cleaning	O
,	O
this	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
dataset	O
to	O
contain	O
more	O
valuable	O
information	O
after	O
the	O
preprocessing	O
stage	O
for	O
data	O
manipulation	O
later	O
in	O
the	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Editing	O
such	O
dataset	O
to	O
either	O
correct	O
data	O
corruption	O
or	O
human	O
error	O
is	O
a	O
crucial	O
step	O
to	O
get	O
accurate	O
quantifiers	O
like	O
true	O
positives	O
,	O
true	O
negatives	O
,	O
False	O
positives	O
and	O
false	O
negatives	O
found	O
in	O
a	O
Confusion	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
that	O
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
medical	O
diagnosis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
use	O
Python	O
programming	O
scripts	O
accompanied	O
by	O
the	O
pandas	B-Application
library	O
which	O
gives	O
them	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
import	O
data	O
from	O
a	O
Comma-separated	O
values	O
as	O
a	O
data-frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
pandas	B-Application
(	O
software	O
)	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
powerful	O
tool	O
that	O
allows	O
for	O
data	O
analysis	O
and	O
manipulation	O
;	O
which	O
makes	O
data	O
visualizations	O
,	O
statistical	O
operations	O
and	O
much	O
more	O
,	O
a	O
lot	O
easier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
also	O
use	O
the	O
R	B-Language
(	O
programming	O
language	O
)	O
to	O
do	O
such	O
tasks	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
preprocessing	I-General_Concept
has	O
the	O
objective	O
to	O
add	O
missing	O
values	O
,	O
aggregate	O
information	O
,	O
label	O
data	O
with	O
categories	O
(	O
Data	B-General_Concept
binning	I-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
smooth	O
a	O
trajectory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
advanced	O
techniques	O
like	O
principal	O
component	O
analysis	O
and	O
feature	B-General_Concept
selection	I-General_Concept
are	O
working	O
with	O
statistical	O
formulas	O
and	O
are	O
applied	O
to	O
complex	O
datasets	O
which	O
are	O
recorded	O
by	O
GPS	O
trackers	O
and	O
motion	O
capture	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Semantic	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
is	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
that	O
specifically	O
seeks	O
to	O
incorporate	O
domain	O
knowledge	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
formal	O
semantics	O
,	O
into	O
the	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Domain	O
knowledge	O
can	O
have	O
a	O
positive	O
influence	O
on	O
many	O
aspects	O
of	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
filtering	O
out	O
redundant	O
or	O
inconsistent	O
data	O
during	O
the	O
preprocessing	O
phase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
creating	O
a	O
simple	O
script	O
for	O
aggregating	O
different	O
numerical	O
values	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
value	O
,	O
it	O
make	O
sense	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
semantic	O
based	O
data	B-General_Concept
preprocessing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
regards	O
to	O
semantic	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
and	O
semantic	O
pre-processing	O
,	O
ontologies	O
are	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
conceptualize	O
and	O
formally	O
define	O
semantic	O
knowledge	O
and	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Protégé	B-Language
(	O
software	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
standard	O
tool	O
for	O
constructing	O
an	O
ontology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
semantic	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
combined	O
with	O
ontology	O
has	O
many	O
applications	O
where	O
semantic	O
ambiguity	O
can	O
impact	O
the	O
usefulness	O
and	O
efficiency	O
of	O
data	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
various	O
strengths	O
to	O
using	O
a	O
semantic	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
and	O
ontological	O
based	O
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
this	O
illustrates	O
the	O
incredible	O
strength	O
of	O
using	O
semantic	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
and	O
ontologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Below	O
is	O
a	O
simple	O
a	O
diagram	O
combining	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
processes	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
semantic	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
and	O
their	O
use	O
in	O
ontology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fuzzy	O
preprocessing	O
and	O
Fuzzy	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
make	O
use	O
of	O
fuzzy	O
sets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultimately	O
,	O
fuzzy	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
's	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
help	O
deal	O
with	O
inexact	O
information	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
incomplete	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
fuzzy	O
preprocessing	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
fuzzy	O
based	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
techniques	O
see	O
frequent	O
use	O
with	O
neural	O
networks	O
and	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
