<s>
Data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
is	O
a	O
concept	O
to	O
protect	O
users	O
from	O
having	O
their	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
"	O
silos	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
walled	B-Application
gardens	I-Application
"	O
that	O
are	O
incompatible	O
with	O
one	O
another	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
closed	B-Application
platforms	I-Application
,	O
thus	O
subjecting	O
them	O
to	O
vendor	O
lock-in	O
and	O
making	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
data	B-Protocol
backups	I-Protocol
or	O
moving	O
accounts	O
between	O
services	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
requires	O
common	O
technical	O
standards	O
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
transfer	O
from	O
one	O
data	O
controller	O
to	O
another	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
export	B-General_Concept
user	O
data	O
into	O
a	O
user-accessible	O
local	O
file	O
,	O
thus	O
promoting	O
interoperability	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
facilitate	O
searchability	O
with	O
sophisticated	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
grep	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
applies	O
to	O
personal	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
comprises	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
correct	O
the	O
perceived	O
power	O
imbalance	O
by	O
introducing	O
an	O
element	O
of	O
competition	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
choose	O
among	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
the	O
General	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Regulations	O
(	O
GDPR	O
)	O
,	O
social	O
media	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
Instagram	B-Application
and	O
Snapchat	B-Application
have	O
widely	O
adapted	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
export	B-General_Concept
and	O
download	O
user	O
data	O
into	O
a	O
ZIP	B-General_Concept
archive	I-General_Concept
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
Facebook	B-Application
already	O
were	O
equipped	O
with	O
export	B-General_Concept
options	O
earlier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
platforms	O
restrict	O
exports	O
with	O
time	O
delays	O
between	O
each	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
once	O
per	O
30	O
days	O
on	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
and	O
many	O
platforms	O
lack	O
partial	O
export	B-General_Concept
options	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
restrict	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
by	O
storing	O
user	O
data	O
in	O
locked	O
directories	B-Application
while	O
lacking	O
export	B-General_Concept
options	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
may	O
include	O
configuration	B-Protocol
files	I-Protocol
,	O
digital	O
bookmarks	O
,	O
browsing	B-Protocol
history	I-Protocol
and	O
sessions	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
list	O
of	O
open	O
tabs	O
and	O
navigation	O
histories	O
)	O
,	O
watch	O
and	O
search	O
histories	O
in	O
multimedia	O
streaming	O
apps	O
,	O
custom	O
playlists	O
in	O
multimedia	O
player	O
software	O
,	O
entries	O
in	O
note	O
taking	O
and	O
memorandum	O
software	O
,	O
digital	O
phone	O
books	O
(	O
contact	B-Protocol
lists	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
call	O
logs	O
from	O
the	O
telephone	O
app	O
,	O
and	O
conversations	O
through	O
SMS	B-Device
and	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Locked	O
directories	B-Application
are	O
inaccessible	O
to	O
an	O
end-user	O
without	O
extraordinary	O
measures	O
such	O
as	O
so-called	O
rooting	B-Application
(	O
Android	O
)	O
or	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
(	O
iOS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
former	O
requires	O
the	O
so-called	O
boot	B-Application
loader	I-Application
of	O
the	O
device	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
an	O
unlocked	O
state	O
in	O
advance	O
,	O
which	O
it	O
usually	O
is	O
not	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
only	O
allow	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
user	O
data	B-Protocol
backups	I-Protocol
using	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
provided	O
by	O
the	O
vendor	O
,	O
lacking	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
directly	O
export	B-General_Concept
the	O
data	O
to	O
a	O
local	O
file	O
in	O
the	O
mobile	O
device	O
's	O
common	O
user	O
data	O
directory	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
services	O
may	O
only	O
allow	O
moving	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
such	O
as	O
text	O
messages	O
and	O
phone	O
books	O
between	O
locked	O
directories	B-Application
on	O
devices	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
vendor	O
(	O
vendor	O
lock-in	O
)	O
,	O
without	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
export	B-General_Concept
the	O
information	O
into	O
local	O
files	O
directly	O
accessible	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Restrictions	O
added	O
in	O
more	O
recent	O
versions	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
scoped	O
storage	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
implemented	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
to	O
improve	O
user	O
privacy	O
,	O
compromise	O
both	O
backwards	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
to	O
established	O
existing	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
file	B-Application
managers	I-Application
and	O
FTP	B-Protocol
server	I-Protocol
applications	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
legitimate	O
uses	O
such	O
as	O
cross-app	O
communication	O
and	O
facilitating	O
large	O
file	B-Protocol
transfers	I-Protocol
and	O
backup	B-Protocol
creation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
possible	O
restraints	O
on	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
are	O
poor	O
reliability	O
,	O
stability	O
and	O
performance	O
of	O
existing	O
means	O
of	O
data	O
transfer	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
described	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
digital	B-Application
video	I-Application
recorders	I-Application
(	O
DVRs	O
)	O
which	O
store	O
recordings	O
on	O
an	O
internal	O
hard	O
drive	O
lack	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
back	B-Protocol
up	I-Protocol
recordings	O
,	O
forcing	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
delete	O
existing	O
recordings	O
upon	O
exhausted	O
disk	O
space	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
instance	O
of	O
poor	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
DVRs	O
have	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
depends	O
on	O
an	O
Internet	O
connection	O
to	O
boot	O
and	O
operate	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
recordings	O
stored	O
locally	O
are	O
inaccessible	O
if	O
no	O
internet	O
connection	O
is	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cordless	O
landline	B-Application
telephone	I-Application
units	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
their	O
associated	O
base	O
stations	O
,	O
which	O
have	O
firmwares	B-Application
with	O
phone	O
book	O
and	O
SMS	B-Device
messaging	O
functionality	O
,	O
commonly	O
lack	O
an	O
interface	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
for	O
backing	O
the	O
data	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Discourse	O
forum	O
software	O
offers	O
a	O
built-in	O
ability	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
download	O
their	O
posts	O
into	O
an	O
archive	B-Application
file	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
software	O
may	O
operate	O
locally	O
,	O
but	O
store	O
user	O
data	O
in	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
format	O
,	O
thus	O
causing	O
vendor	O
lock-in	O
until	O
successfully	O
reverse-engineered	O
by	O
third	O
party	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
right	O
to	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
was	O
laid	O
down	O
in	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
's	O
General	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Regulation	O
(	O
GDPR	O
)	O
passed	O
in	O
April	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Earlier	O
the	O
European	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Supervisor	O
had	O
stated	O
that	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
could	O
"	O
let	O
individuals	O
benefit	O
from	O
the	O
value	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
their	O
personal	O
data	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
guidelines	O
and	O
FAQ	O
on	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
contain	O
this	O
call	O
for	O
action	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
voted	O
to	O
withdraw	O
from	O
the	O
EU	O
,	O
it	O
intends	O
to	O
incorporate	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
GDPR	O
in	O
its	O
own	O
legislation	O
,	O
which	O
will	O
include	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
,	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
...	O
GDPR	O
itself	O
contains	O
some	O
noteworthy	O
innovations	O
–	O
for	O
instance	O
…	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
right	O
to	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Germany	O
has	O
called	O
to	O
strengthen	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
's	O
right	O
to	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
using	O
competition	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
association	O
proposed	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
right	O
to	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
anchored	O
in	O
the	O
constitution	O
of	O
the	O
Swiss	O
Confederation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
longer	O
term	O
,	O
the	O
Swiss	O
may	O
have	O
to	O
consider	O
that	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
is	O
in	O
the	O
GDPR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
California	O
has	O
a	O
Consumer	O
Privacy	O
Act	O
(	O
CCPA	O
)	O
of	O
2018	O
,	O
which	O
introduces	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
to	O
the	O
USA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
is	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
Personal	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Bill	O
2019	O
about	O
to	O
become	O
law	O
as	O
section	O
26	O
in	O
chapter	O
VI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
is	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
Privacy	O
law	O
#Brazil	O
as	O
its	O
Article	O
18	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
is	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
new	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
right	O
to	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
is	O
enshrined	O
in	O
the	O
new	O
data	O
protection	O
law	O
under	O
clause	O
34	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
far	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
has	O
formalized	O
the	O
expectations	O
around	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
,	O
requiring	O
the	O
data	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
structured	O
,	O
commonly	O
used	O
,	O
machine-readable	O
and	O
interoperable	O
format	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
right	O
is	O
slightly	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
Right	B-Application
of	I-Application
access	I-Application
to	I-Application
personal	I-Application
data	I-Application
;	O
see	O
GDPR	O
and	O
the	O
seventh	O
item	O
in	O
the	O
list	O
cited	O
immediately	O
above	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
most	O
likely	O
automated	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
that	O
both	O
"	O
human	O
readable	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
raw	O
format	O
"	O
would	O
be	O
inappropriate	O
for	O
effective	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
GDPR	O
limits	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
to	O
cases	O
where	O
the	O
processing	O
is	O
made	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
either	O
consent	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
subject	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
a	O
contract	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
right	O
is	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
right	B-Algorithm
to	I-Algorithm
explanation	I-Algorithm
"	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
way	O
is	O
through	O
a	O
decision	B-Algorithm
tree	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
right	B-Algorithm
to	I-Algorithm
explanation	I-Algorithm
is	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
Right	O
to	O
not	O
be	O
evaluated	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
automated	O
processing	O
"	O
shown	O
as	O
the	O
last	O
item	O
in	O
the	O
list	O
shown	O
in	O
Gabel	O
/	O
Hickman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
decisions	O
based	O
on	O
profiling	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
issue	O
has	O
been	O
discussed	O
by	O
Bygrave	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
Hildebrandt	O
,	O
who	O
claimed	O
this	O
to	O
be	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
transparency	O
rights	O
in	O
the	O
era	O
of	O
machine	O
learning	O
and	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrary	O
to	O
Hildebrandt	O
's	O
high	O
expectations	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
four	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
after	O
many	O
revisions	O
to	O
the	O
GDPR	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
text	O
has	O
been	O
finalized	O
,	O
three	O
other	O
well-known	O
authors	O
contest	O
whether	O
a	O
right	B-Algorithm
to	I-Algorithm
explanation	I-Algorithm
still	O
exists	O
in	O
the	O
GDPR	O
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
papers	O
have	O
been	O
published	O
on	O
these	O
topics	O
in	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
of	O
which	O
,	O
by	O
Goodman	O
/	O
Flaxman	O
,	O
outlines	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
right	B-Algorithm
to	I-Algorithm
explanation	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
further	O
paper	O
by	O
Edwards	O
and	O
Veale	O
claims	O
such	O
a	O
right	O
is	O
unlikely	O
to	O
apply	O
in	O
the	O
cases	O
of	O
the	O
'	O
algorithmic	O
harms	O
 '	O
attracting	O
recent	O
media	O
attention	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
insufficient	O
attention	O
has	O
been	O
paid	O
to	O
both	O
the	O
computer	O
science	O
literature	O
on	O
explanation	O
and	O
how	O
other	O
GDPR	O
provisions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
data	O
protection	O
impact	O
assessments	O
and	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
,	O
might	O
help	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
in	O
2017	O
data	B-Application
portability	I-Application
was	O
analysed	O
by	O
professors	O
of	O
data	O
protection	O
as	O
a	O
central	O
innovation	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
GDPR	O
.	O
</s>
