<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
or	O
data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
(	O
DDJ	O
)	O
is	O
journalism	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
filtering	O
and	O
analysis	O
of	O
large	O
data	O
sets	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
creating	O
or	O
elevating	O
a	O
news	O
story	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
reflects	O
the	O
increased	O
role	O
of	O
numerical	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
production	O
and	O
distribution	O
of	O
information	O
in	O
the	O
digital	O
era	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
involves	O
a	O
blending	O
of	O
journalism	O
with	O
other	O
fields	O
such	O
as	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
statistics	O
,	O
"	O
an	O
overlapping	O
set	O
of	O
competencies	O
drawn	O
from	O
disparate	O
fields	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
widely	O
used	O
to	O
unite	O
several	O
concepts	O
and	O
link	O
them	O
to	O
journalism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
data-driven	O
stories	O
begin	O
with	O
newly	O
available	O
resources	O
such	O
as	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
open	O
access	O
publishing	O
and	O
open	O
data	O
,	O
while	O
others	O
are	O
products	O
of	O
public	O
records	O
requests	O
or	O
leaked	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
has	O
a	O
wider	O
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
core	O
the	O
process	O
builds	O
on	O
the	O
growing	O
availability	O
of	O
open	O
data	O
that	O
is	O
freely	O
available	O
online	O
and	O
analyzed	O
with	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
strives	O
to	O
reach	O
new	O
levels	O
of	O
service	O
for	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
helping	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
or	O
specific	O
groups	O
or	O
individuals	O
to	O
understand	O
patterns	O
and	O
make	O
decisions	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
findings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
driven	I-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
might	O
help	O
to	O
put	O
journalists	O
into	O
a	O
role	O
relevant	O
for	O
society	O
in	O
a	O
new	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Antonopoulos	O
and	O
Karyotakis	O
define	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
as	O
"	O
a	O
way	O
of	O
enhancing	O
reporting	O
and	O
news	O
writing	O
with	O
the	O
use	O
and	O
examination	O
of	O
statistics	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
deeper	O
insight	O
into	O
a	O
news	O
story	O
and	O
to	O
highlight	O
relevant	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
trend	O
in	O
the	O
digital	O
era	O
of	O
journalism	O
has	O
been	O
to	O
disseminate	O
information	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
via	O
interactive	O
online	O
content	O
through	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
tools	O
such	O
as	O
tables	O
,	O
graphs	O
,	O
maps	O
,	O
infographics	O
,	O
microsites	O
,	O
and	O
visual	O
worlds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
may	O
reveal	O
hidden	O
issues	O
that	O
seemingly	O
were	O
not	O
a	O
priority	O
in	O
the	O
news	O
coverage	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
architect	O
and	O
multimedia	O
journalist	O
Mirko	O
Lorenz	O
,	O
data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
is	O
primarily	O
a	O
workflow	O
that	O
consists	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
elements	O
:	O
digging	O
deep	O
into	O
data	O
by	O
scraping	O
,	O
cleansing	O
and	O
structuring	O
it	O
,	O
filtering	O
by	O
mining	O
for	O
specific	O
information	O
,	O
visualizing	O
and	O
making	O
a	O
story	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
trainer	O
and	O
writer	O
Paul	O
Bradshaw	O
describes	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
similar	O
manner	O
:	O
data	O
must	O
be	O
found	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
require	O
specialized	O
skills	O
like	O
MySQL	B-Application
or	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
then	O
interrogated	O
,	O
for	O
which	O
understanding	O
of	O
jargon	O
and	O
statistics	O
is	O
necessary	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
visualized	O
and	O
mashed	O
with	O
the	O
aid	O
of	O
open-source	B-Application
tools	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
enables	O
reporters	O
to	O
tell	O
untold	O
stories	O
,	O
find	O
new	O
angles	O
or	O
complete	O
stories	O
via	O
a	O
workflow	O
of	O
finding	O
,	O
processing	O
and	O
presenting	O
significant	O
amounts	O
of	O
data	O
(	O
in	O
any	O
given	O
form	O
)	O
with	O
or	O
without	O
open	O
tools.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Van	O
Ess	O
came	O
with	O
a	O
shorter	O
definition	O
in	O
that	O
does	O
n't	O
involve	O
visualisation	O
per	O
se	O
:	O
"	O
Data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
any	O
data	O
that	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
processed	O
first	O
with	O
tools	O
before	O
a	O
relevant	O
story	O
is	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
problems	O
for	O
defining	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
is	O
that	O
many	O
definitions	O
are	O
not	O
clear	O
enough	O
and	O
focus	O
on	O
describing	O
the	O
computational	O
methods	O
of	O
optimization	O
,	O
analysis	O
,	O
and	O
visualization	O
of	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
"	O
was	O
coined	O
by	O
political	O
commentator	O
Ben	O
Wattenberg	O
through	O
his	O
work	O
starting	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1960s	O
layering	O
narrative	O
with	O
statistics	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
theory	O
that	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
had	O
entered	O
a	O
golden	O
age	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NICAR	O
conferences	O
have	O
been	O
held	O
annually	O
since	O
and	O
is	O
now	O
the	O
single	O
largest	O
gathering	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalists	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
used	O
informally	O
by	O
practitioners	O
of	O
computer-assisted	O
reporting	O
for	O
decades	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
recorded	O
use	O
by	O
a	O
major	O
news	O
organization	O
is	O
The	O
Guardian	O
,	O
which	O
launched	O
its	O
Datablog	O
in	O
March	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Guardian	O
coverage	O
of	O
the	O
war	O
logs	O
took	O
advantage	O
of	O
free	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
tools	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Fusion	I-Application
Tables	I-Application
,	O
another	O
common	O
aspect	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facts	O
are	O
Sacred	O
by	O
The	O
Guardian	O
Datablog	O
editor	O
Simon	O
Rogers	O
describes	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
like	O
this	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Investigative	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
combines	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
with	O
investigative	O
reporting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
investigative	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
research	O
of	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
textual	O
or	O
financial	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Investigative	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
also	O
can	O
relate	O
to	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
analytics	I-Application
for	O
the	O
processing	O
of	O
large	O
data	O
sets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
projects	O
like	O
the	O
MP	O
expense	O
scandal	O
(	O
2009	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
2013	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
offshore	O
leaks	O
"	O
demonstrate	O
,	O
data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
can	O
assume	O
an	O
investigative	O
role	O
,	O
dealing	O
with	O
"	O
not-so	O
open	O
"	O
aka	O
secret	O
data	O
on	O
occasion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
scholars	O
have	O
proposed	O
different	O
taxonomies	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Megan	O
Knight	O
suggested	O
a	O
taxonomy	O
that	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
interpretations	O
and	O
analysis	O
that	O
is	O
needed	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simon	O
Rogers	O
proposed	O
five	O
types	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
projects	O
:	O
By	O
just	O
the	O
facts	O
,	O
Data-based	O
news	O
stories	O
,	O
Local	O
data	O
telling	O
stories	O
,	O
Analysis	O
and	O
background	O
,	O
and	O
Deep	O
dive	O
investigations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
taxonomy	O
had	O
an	O
hierarchical	O
structure	O
and	O
included	O
the	O
following	O
types	O
:	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
articles	O
with	O
just	O
numbers	O
,	O
with	O
tables	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
visualizations	O
(	O
interactive	O
and	O
non-interactive	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
one	O
layer	O
of	O
data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
a	O
critical	O
examination	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
quality	O
is	O
important	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
only	O
available	O
in	O
a	O
PDF	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
can	O
turn	O
into	O
stories	O
about	O
data	O
quality	O
or	O
refusals	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
data	O
by	O
institutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
task	O
of	O
a	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalist	I-General_Concept
is	O
to	O
extract	O
what	O
is	O
hidden	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
scrapers	O
are	O
:	O
,	O
Import.io,	O
QuickCode	B-Protocol
,	O
OutWit	B-Operating_System
Hub	I-Operating_System
and	O
Needlebase	O
(	O
retired	O
in	O
2012	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
cases	O
OCR	O
software	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
get	O
data	O
from	O
PDFs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
public	O
through	O
crowd	O
sourcing	O
,	O
as	O
shown	O
in	O
March	O
2012	O
at	O
the	O
Datajournalism	B-General_Concept
Conference	O
in	O
Hamburg	O
by	O
Henk	O
van	O
Ess	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
tools	O
like	O
OpenRefine	B-Application
(	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
)	O
,	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Wrangler	I-General_Concept
and	O
Google	B-Language
Spreadsheets	I-Language
allow	O
uploading	O
,	O
extracting	O
or	O
formatting	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
visualize	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
graphs	O
and	O
charts	O
,	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
Many	B-Application
Eyes	I-Application
or	O
Tableau	O
Public	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
HTML	O
5	O
libraries	O
using	O
the	O
canvas	B-Language
tag	I-Language
is	O
gaining	O
in	O
popularity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
is	O
RGraph	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
extent	O
of	O
such	O
tracking	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
collecting	O
user	O
data	O
or	O
any	O
other	O
information	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
marketing	O
reasons	O
or	O
other	O
uses	O
beyond	O
the	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
should	O
be	O
viewed	O
as	O
problematic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
is	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
and	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
via	O
GitHub	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
growing	O
list	O
of	O
examples	O
how	O
data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
applied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Guardian	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
pioneering	O
media	O
companies	O
in	O
this	O
space	O
(	O
see	O
"	O
Data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
at	O
the	O
Guardian	O
:	O
what	O
is	O
it	O
and	O
how	O
do	O
we	O
do	O
it	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
)	O
,	O
has	O
compiled	O
an	O
extensive	O
list	O
of	O
data	O
stories	O
,	O
see	O
:	O
"	O
All	O
of	O
our	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
in	O
one	O
spreadsheet	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
prominent	O
uses	O
of	O
data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
are	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
release	O
by	O
whistle-blower	O
organization	O
WikiLeaks	O
of	O
the	O
Afghan	O
War	O
Diary	O
,	O
a	O
compendium	O
of	O
91,000	O
secret	O
military	O
reports	O
covering	O
the	O
war	O
in	O
Afghanistan	O
from	O
2004	O
to	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
Iraq	O
War	O
logs	O
release	O
,	O
The	O
Guardian	O
used	O
Google	B-Application
Fusion	I-Application
Tables	I-Application
to	O
create	O
an	O
interactive	O
map	O
of	O
every	O
incident	O
where	O
someone	O
died	O
,	O
a	O
technique	O
it	O
used	O
again	O
in	O
the	O
England	O
riots	O
of	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
