<s>
A	O
data	B-General_Concept
file	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
computer	B-Operating_System
file	I-Operating_System
which	O
stores	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
application	I-Application
or	O
system	B-Application
,	O
including	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	B-General_Concept
file	I-General_Concept
usually	O
does	O
not	O
contain	O
instructions	O
or	O
code	O
to	O
be	O
executed	O
(	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
work	O
with	O
data	B-General_Concept
files	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
files	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
two	O
ways	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
text	O
file	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
files	I-Protocol
)	O
stores	O
information	O
in	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
characters	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
long	O
as	O
the	O
file	O
does	O
n't	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
read	O
or	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
ported	O
to	O
a	O
different	O
type	O
of	O
system	B-Application
,	O
binary	O
files	O
are	O
the	O
best	O
way	O
to	O
store	O
program	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Closed	O
data	B-General_Concept
file	I-General_Concept
formats	O
,	O
frequently	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
proprietary	O
format	O
files	O
,	O
have	O
their	O
metadata	O
data	O
elements	O
hidden	O
,	O
obscured	O
or	O
unavailable	O
to	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	B-Application
developers	O
do	O
this	O
to	O
discourage	O
users	O
from	O
tampering	O
with	O
or	O
corrupting	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
files	I-General_Concept
or	O
importing	O
the	O
data	O
into	O
a	O
competitor	O
's	O
application	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metadata	O
publishing	O
implies	O
that	O
the	O
structure	O
and	O
semantics	B-Application
of	O
all	O
the	O
possible	O
data	O
elements	O
within	O
a	O
file	O
are	O
available	O
to	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
open	O
data	B-General_Concept
files	I-General_Concept
include	O
CSV	O
,	O
XLS	O
and	O
XML	B-Protocol
formats	O
such	O
as	O
HTML	B-Language
for	O
storing	O
web	O
pages	O
or	O
SVG	B-Application
for	O
storing	O
scalable	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
