<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
exchange	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
taking	O
data	O
structured	O
under	O
a	O
source	O
schema	B-Application
and	O
transforming	O
it	O
into	O
a	O
target	O
schema	B-Application
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
target	O
data	O
is	O
an	O
accurate	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
exchange	I-General_Concept
allows	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
shared	O
between	O
different	O
computer	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
related	O
concept	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
except	O
that	O
data	O
is	O
actually	O
restructured	O
(	O
with	O
possible	O
loss	O
of	O
content	O
)	O
in	O
data	B-General_Concept
exchange	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
domains	O
,	O
a	O
few	O
dozen	O
different	O
source	O
and	O
target	O
schema	B-Application
(	O
proprietary	O
data	O
formats	O
)	O
may	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
"	O
exchange	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
interchange	O
format	O
"	O
is	O
often	O
developed	O
for	O
a	O
single	O
domain	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
necessary	O
routines	O
(	O
mappings	O
)	O
are	O
written	O
to	O
(	O
indirectly	O
)	O
transform/translate	O
each	O
and	O
every	O
source	O
schema	B-Application
to	O
each	O
and	O
every	O
target	O
schema	B-Application
by	O
using	O
the	O
interchange	O
format	O
as	O
an	O
intermediate	O
step	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
requires	O
a	O
lot	O
less	O
work	O
than	O
writing	O
and	O
debugging	O
the	O
hundreds	O
of	O
different	O
routines	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
required	O
to	O
directly	O
translate	O
each	O
and	O
every	O
source	O
schema	B-Application
directly	O
to	O
each	O
and	O
every	O
target	O
schema	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Protocol
Interchange	I-Protocol
Format	I-Protocol
for	O
spreadsheet	O
data	O
;	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	B-General_Concept
interchange	I-General_Concept
(	O
or	O
exchange	O
)	O
language/format	O
is	O
a	O
language	O
that	O
is	O
domain-independent	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
data	O
from	O
any	O
kind	O
of	O
discipline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
markup	O
language	O
that	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
dialects	O
(	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
domain-specific	O
sublanguages	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beneficial	O
to	O
a	O
reliable	O
data	B-General_Concept
exchange	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
standard	O
dictionaries-taxonomies	O
and	O
tools	O
libraries	O
such	O
as	O
parsers	B-Language
,	O
schema	B-Application
validators	B-Application
,	O
and	O
transformation	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
is	O
a	O
partial	O
list	O
of	O
popular	O
generic	O
languages	O
used	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
exchange	I-General_Concept
in	O
multiple	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RDF	O
is	O
a	O
schema-flexible	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
schema	B-Application
of	O
XML	B-Protocol
contains	O
a	O
very	O
limited	O
grammar	O
and	O
vocabulary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
syntax	O
is	O
fairly	O
simple	O
(	O
the	O
language	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
human-readable	B-General_Concept
)	O
;	O
the	O
dialects	O
may	O
require	O
domain	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
popularity	O
of	O
XML	B-Protocol
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
exchange	I-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
has	O
several	O
reasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
of	O
all	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
preexisting	O
standards	O
Standard	B-Language
Generalized	I-Language
Markup	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
SGML	B-Language
)	O
and	O
Hypertext	B-Language
Markup	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
HTML	B-Language
)	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
a	O
parser	B-Language
written	O
to	O
support	O
these	O
two	O
languages	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
extended	O
to	O
support	O
XML	B-Protocol
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
XHTML	B-Language
has	O
been	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
format	O
that	O
is	O
formal	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
understood	O
correctly	O
by	O
most	O
(	O
if	O
not	O
all	O
)	O
HTML	B-Language
parsers	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
YAML	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
language	O
that	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
human-readable	B-General_Concept
(	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
to	O
be	O
easy	O
to	O
edit	O
with	O
any	O
standard	O
text	O
editor	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
notion	O
often	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
reStructuredText	B-Language
or	O
a	O
Wiki	O
syntax	O
,	O
who	O
also	O
try	O
to	O
be	O
readable	O
both	O
by	O
humans	O
and	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YAML	B-Protocol
1.2	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
shorthand	O
notion	O
that	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
as	O
such	O
any	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
document	O
is	O
also	O
valid	O
YAML	B-Protocol
;	O
this	O
however	O
does	O
not	O
hold	O
the	O
other	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
REBOL	B-Application
is	O
a	O
language	O
that	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
human-readable	B-General_Concept
and	O
easy	O
to	O
edit	O
using	O
any	O
standard	O
text	O
editor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
REBOL	B-Application
datatypes	O
like	O
URLs	O
,	O
emails	O
,	O
date	O
and	O
time	O
values	O
,	O
tuples	O
,	O
strings	O
,	O
tags	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
REBOL	B-Application
is	O
designed	O
to	O
not	O
need	O
any	O
additional	O
meta-language	O
,	O
being	O
designed	O
in	O
a	O
metacircular	O
fashion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
metacircularity	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
is	O
the	O
reason	O
why	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
the	O
Parse	O
dialect	O
used	O
(	O
not	O
exclusively	O
)	O
for	O
definitions	O
and	O
transformations	O
of	O
REBOL	B-Application
dialects	O
is	O
also	O
itself	O
a	O
dialect	O
of	O
REBOL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
REBOL	B-Application
was	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
source	O
of	O
inspiration	O
for	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gellish	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
SQL	B-Language
,	O
RDF/XML	O
,	O
OWL	B-Language
and	O
various	O
other	O
meta-languages	O
.	O
</s>
