<s>
Data	B-Application
engineering	I-Application
refers	O
to	O
the	O
building	O
of	O
systems	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
collection	O
and	O
usage	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
data	O
is	O
usually	O
used	O
to	O
enable	O
subsequent	O
analysis	B-General_Concept
and	O
data	O
science	O
;	O
which	O
often	O
involves	O
machine	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Making	O
the	O
data	O
usable	O
usually	O
involves	O
substantial	O
compute	O
and	O
storage	B-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
and	O
cleaning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
1970s/1980s	O
the	O
term	O
information	B-Application
engineering	I-Application
methodology	I-Application
(	O
IEM	O
)	O
was	O
created	O
to	O
describe	O
database	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
software	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
processing	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
techniques	O
were	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
database	B-General_Concept
administrators	I-General_Concept
(	O
DBAs	O
)	O
and	O
by	O
systems	O
analysts	O
based	O
upon	O
an	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
operational	O
processing	B-General_Concept
needs	O
of	O
organizations	O
for	O
the	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
early	O
contributor	O
(	O
often	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
father	O
"	O
of	O
information	B-Application
engineering	I-Application
methodology	I-Application
)	O
was	O
the	O
Australian	O
Clive	O
Finkelstein	O
,	O
who	O
wrote	O
several	O
articles	O
about	O
it	O
between	O
1976	O
and	O
1980	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
co-authored	O
an	O
influential	O
Savant	O
Institute	O
report	O
on	O
it	O
with	O
James	O
Martin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
next	O
few	O
years	O
,	O
Finkelstein	O
continued	O
work	O
in	O
a	O
more	O
business	O
driven	O
direction	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
address	O
a	O
rapidly	O
changing	O
business	O
environment	O
;	O
Martin	O
continued	O
work	O
in	O
a	O
more	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
driven	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
the	O
data	O
and	O
data	O
tooling	O
was	O
generally	O
held	O
by	O
the	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
(	O
IT	O
)	O
teams	O
in	O
most	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
2010s	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
the	O
massive	O
increase	O
in	O
data	O
volumes	O
,	O
velocity	O
,	O
and	O
variety	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
term	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
to	O
describe	O
the	O
data	O
itself	O
,	O
and	O
data-driven	O
tech	O
companies	O
like	O
Facebook	B-Application
and	O
Airbnb	O
started	O
using	O
the	O
phrase	O
data	B-Application
engineer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
new	O
scale	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
major	O
firms	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
and	O
Netflix	O
started	O
to	O
move	O
away	O
from	O
traditional	O
ETL	O
and	O
storage	B-General_Concept
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
started	O
creating	O
data	B-Application
engineering	I-Application
,	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
focused	O
on	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
particular	O
infrastructure	B-Application
,	O
warehousing	O
,	O
data	O
protection	O
,	O
cybersecurity	O
,	O
mining	B-Application
,	O
modelling	B-Application
,	O
processing	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
metadata	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
change	O
in	O
approach	O
was	O
particularly	O
focused	O
on	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	O
performance	O
computing	O
is	O
critical	O
for	O
the	O
processing	B-General_Concept
and	O
analysis	B-General_Concept
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
particularly	O
widespread	O
approach	O
to	O
computing	O
for	O
data	B-Application
engineering	I-Application
is	O
dataflow	B-Application
programming	I-Application
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
computation	O
is	O
represented	O
as	O
a	O
directed	O
graph	O
(	O
dataflow	O
graph	O
)	O
;	O
nodes	O
are	O
the	O
operations	O
,	O
and	O
edges	O
represent	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
implementations	O
include	O
Apache	B-Language
Spark	I-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
specific	O
TensorFlow	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recent	O
implementations	O
such	O
as	O
Differential/Timely	O
Dataflow	O
have	O
used	O
incremental	O
computing	O
for	O
much	O
more	O
efficient	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
data	O
are	O
structured	O
and	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
is	O
required	O
,	O
then	O
databases	B-Application
are	O
generally	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
mostly	O
relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
were	O
used	O
,	O
with	O
strong	O
ACID	O
transaction	O
correctness	O
guarantees	O
;	O
most	O
relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
use	O
SQL	B-Language
for	O
their	O
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
NoSQL	B-General_Concept
databases	B-Application
have	O
also	O
become	O
popular	O
since	O
they	O
horizontally	O
scaled	O
more	O
easily	O
than	O
relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
by	O
giving	O
up	O
the	O
ACID	O
transaction	O
guarantees	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
reducing	O
the	O
object-relational	B-Architecture
impedance	I-Architecture
mismatch	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
,	O
NewSQL	B-General_Concept
databases	B-Application
—	O
which	O
attempt	O
to	O
allow	O
horizontal	O
scaling	O
while	O
retaining	O
ACID	O
guarantees	O
—	O
have	O
become	O
popular	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
data	O
are	O
structured	O
and	O
online	B-Application
analytical	I-Application
processing	I-Application
is	O
required	O
(	O
but	O
not	O
online	B-General_Concept
transaction	I-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
then	O
data	O
warehouses	O
are	O
a	O
main	O
choice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
enable	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
,	O
mining	B-Application
,	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
on	O
a	O
much	O
larger	O
scale	O
than	O
databases	B-Application
can	O
allow	O
,	O
and	O
indeed	O
data	O
often	O
flow	O
from	O
databases	B-Application
into	O
data	O
warehouses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
analysts	O
,	O
data	B-Application
engineers	I-Application
,	O
and	O
data	O
scientists	O
can	O
access	O
data	O
warehouses	O
using	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
SQL	B-Language
or	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
data	O
are	O
less	O
structured	O
,	O
then	O
often	O
they	O
are	O
just	O
stored	O
as	O
files	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
File	B-Application
systems	I-Application
represent	O
data	O
hierarchially	O
in	O
nested	O
folders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Block	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
splits	O
data	O
into	O
regularly	O
sized	O
chunks	O
;	O
this	O
often	O
matches	O
up	O
with	O
(	O
virtual	O
)	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
or	O
solid	B-Device
state	I-Device
drives	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	B-Application
storage	I-Application
manages	O
data	O
using	O
metadata	O
;	O
often	O
each	O
file	O
is	O
assigned	O
a	O
key	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
UUID	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
data	O
processes	O
and	O
storage	B-General_Concept
locations	O
can	O
quickly	O
become	O
overwhelming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airflow	B-Application
)	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
data	O
tasks	O
to	O
be	O
specified	O
,	O
created	O
,	O
and	O
monitored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
producing	O
a	O
data	B-Application
model	I-Application
,	O
an	O
abstract	O
model	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
data	O
and	O
relationships	O
between	O
different	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	B-Application
engineer	I-Application
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineer	I-General_Concept
who	O
creates	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
ETL	O
pipelines	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
data	O
through	O
the	O
organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
take	O
huge	O
amounts	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
translate	O
it	O
into	O
insights	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
engineers	I-Application
usually	O
hail	O
from	O
a	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
background	O
and	O
are	O
proficient	O
in	O
programming	O
languages	O
like	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Scala	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Rust	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
will	O
be	O
more	O
familiar	O
with	O
databases	B-Application
,	O
architecture	O
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
Agile	O
software	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
scientists	O
are	O
more	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
analysis	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
they	O
will	O
be	O
more	O
familiar	O
with	O
mathematics	O
,	O
algorithms	O
,	O
statistics	O
,	O
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
