<s>
A	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystem	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
complex	O
environment	O
of	O
co-dependent	O
networks	O
and	O
actors	O
that	O
contribute	O
to	O
data	O
collection	O
,	O
transfer	O
and	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystem	I-General_Concept
often	O
consists	O
of	O
numerous	O
data	O
assemblages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
into	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystems	I-General_Concept
has	O
developed	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
rapid	O
proliferation	O
and	O
availability	O
of	O
information	O
through	O
the	O
web	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
commodification	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
also	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
highly	O
profitable	O
industry	O
for	O
companies	O
that	O
collect	O
,	O
categorize	O
and	O
disseminate	O
data	O
as	O
a	O
tradable	O
resource	O
and	O
operate	O
within	O
the	O
newly	O
defined	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Key	O
to	O
this	O
initiative	O
are	O
data	O
intermediaries	O
,	O
which	O
facilitate	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
categorized	O
into	O
seven	O
types	O
,	O
including	O
data	O
trusts	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
exchanges	I-General_Concept
and	O
data	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystem	I-General_Concept
also	O
comprises	O
data	O
providers	O
and	O
consumers	O
,	O
who	O
as	O
their	O
titles	O
denote	O
,	O
provide	O
and	O
consume	O
the	O
data	O
through	O
the	O
intermediaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
example	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystem	I-General_Concept
exists	O
within	O
the	O
realm	O
of	O
web	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
third-party	O
tracking	O
app	O
on	O
a	O
website	O
(	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
cookies	B-Application
)	O
acts	O
as	O
an	O
intermediary	O
by	O
collecting	O
and	O
organizing	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
mentioned	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystems	I-General_Concept
can	O
span	O
across	O
sectors	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
client	O
's	O
medical	O
data	O
is	O
shared	O
with	O
an	O
insurance	O
company	O
to	O
calculate	O
a	O
premium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
ecosystems	I-General_Concept
possess	O
three	O
major	O
characteristics	O
:	O
network	O
,	O
platform	O
,	O
and	O
co-evolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
broad	O
landscape	O
of	O
a	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystem	I-General_Concept
are	O
numerous	O
data	O
assemblages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
below	O
table	O
demonstrates	O
the	O
common	O
elements	O
of	O
a	O
data	O
assemblage	O
which	O
facilitate	O
and	O
govern	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystem	I-General_Concept
contains	O
numerous	O
data	O
assemblages	O
,	O
as	O
each	O
actor	O
within	O
the	O
system	O
have	O
their	O
own	O
sets	O
of	O
tangible	O
and	O
non-tangible	O
elements	O
for	O
their	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystems	I-General_Concept
is	O
part	O
and	O
parcel	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
big	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
concern	O
or	O
critique	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystems	I-General_Concept
relates	O
to	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
non-profit	O
organization	O
Cloud	O
Secure	O
Alliance	O
(	O
CSA	O
)	O
categorizes	O
the	O
security	O
challenges	O
of	O
Big	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Ecosystems	I-General_Concept
into	O
four	O
groups	O
;	O
infrastructure	O
security	O
,	O
data	O
privacy	O
,	O
data	O
management	O
,	O
and	O
integrity	O
and	O
relative	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rob	O
Kitchin	O
terms	O
this	O
as	O
'	O
dataveillance	O
,	O
'	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
of	O
everyday	O
life	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
highly	O
accurate	O
and	O
continuous	O
tracking	O
of	O
our	O
locations	O
and	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
US	O
states	O
that	O
have	O
banned	O
access	O
to	O
abortions	O
,	O
there	O
's	O
concern	O
that	O
these	O
data	B-General_Concept
ecosystems	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
harnessed	O
to	O
penalize	O
citizens	O
that	O
seek	O
services	O
out	O
of	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
