<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
defined	O
in	O
two	O
different	O
ways	O
:	O
use	O
of	O
data	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
and	O
tool	O
to	O
conduct	O
national	O
diplomacy	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
diplomatic	O
actions	O
and	O
skills	O
of	O
various	O
stakeholders	O
to	O
enable	O
and	O
facilitate	O
data	O
access	O
,	O
understanding	O
,	O
and	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
kind	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
challenges	O
traditional	O
models	O
of	O
diplomacy	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
conducted	O
without	O
tracks	O
and	O
diplomats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
science	O
diplomacy	O
given	O
by	O
the	O
American	O
Association	O
for	O
the	O
Advancement	O
of	O
Science	O
the	O
article	O
of	O
Andy	O
Boyd	O
,	O
Jane	O
Gatewood	O
,	O
Stuart	O
Thorson	O
and	O
Timothy	O
D	O
.	O
V	O
.	O
Dye	O
identifies	O
three	O
subcategories	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
:	O
data	O
in	O
diplomacy	O
,	O
diplomacy	O
for	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
for	O
diplomacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
worth	O
noting	O
that	O
the	O
three	O
classifications	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
are	O
inevitably	O
overlapping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actors	O
at	O
both	O
the	O
macro	O
and	O
micro	O
levels	O
drive	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
at	O
the	O
indistinguishable	O
forefront	O
of	O
soft	O
and	O
hard	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
subject	O
to	O
unstructured	O
and	O
uncontrolled	O
data	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
whistleblowing	O
data	O
disclosures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
classification	O
in	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
and	O
typically	O
refers	O
to	O
stakeholder	O
interactions	O
to	O
advance	O
international	O
practices	O
of	O
data	O
sharing	O
,	O
data	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
interpretation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
this	O
perspective	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
considered	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
or	O
extension	O
of	O
science	O
diplomacy	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
more	O
thorough	O
,	O
diplomatic	O
relationship	O
built	O
from	O
raw	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
focuses	O
on	O
data	O
(	O
including	O
its	O
creation	O
,	O
use	O
,	O
access	O
,	O
and	O
interpretation	O
)	O
rather	O
than	O
on	O
communication	O
mechanisms	O
or	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
been	O
widely	O
applied	O
to	O
diplomacy	O
in	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
bioinformatics	O
and	O
public	O
health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
risks	O
and	O
impediments	O
to	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
issue	O
of	O
sensitive	O
data	O
and	O
data	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
can	O
lead	O
to	O
issues	O
of	O
scientific	O
fairness	O
,	O
intellectual	O
property	O
rights	O
and	O
future	O
benefits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
equal	O
treatment	O
of	O
scientists	O
concerning	O
intellectual	O
property	O
rights	O
and	O
benefits	O
is	O
a	O
critical	O
issue	O
facing	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inaccurate	O
data	O
,	O
data	O
manipulation	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
associated	O
loss	O
of	O
diplomatic	O
capital	O
pose	O
serious	O
challenges	O
to	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Resisting	O
data	O
manipulation	O
and	O
establishing	O
a	O
good	O
reputation	O
for	O
data	O
use	O
is	O
an	O
important	O
step	O
to	O
building	O
healthy	O
data	B-General_Concept
diplomacy	I-General_Concept
relationships	O
.	O
</s>
