<s>
A	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
(	O
American	O
English	O
)	O
or	O
data	B-Operating_System
centre	I-Operating_System
(	O
Commonwealth	O
English	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
building	O
,	O
a	O
dedicated	O
space	O
within	O
a	O
building	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
buildings	O
used	O
to	O
house	O
computer	O
systems	O
and	O
associated	O
components	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
telecommunications	O
and	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
IT	O
operations	O
are	O
crucial	O
for	O
business	O
continuity	O
,	O
it	O
generally	O
includes	O
redundant	O
or	O
backup	B-Protocol
components	O
and	O
infrastructure	O
for	O
power	O
supply	O
,	O
data	O
communication	O
connections	O
,	O
environmental	O
controls	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
air	O
conditioning	O
,	O
fire	O
suppression	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
security	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
is	O
an	O
industrial-scale	O
operation	O
using	O
as	O
much	O
electricity	O
as	O
a	O
small	O
town	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
have	O
their	O
roots	O
in	O
the	O
huge	O
computer	O
rooms	O
of	O
the	O
1940s	O
,	O
typified	O
by	O
ENIAC	B-Device
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
examples	O
of	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
cables	O
were	O
necessary	O
to	O
connect	O
all	O
the	O
components	O
,	O
and	O
methods	O
to	O
accommodate	O
and	O
organize	O
these	O
were	O
devised	O
such	O
as	O
standard	O
racks	B-Application
to	O
mount	O
equipment	O
,	O
raised	O
floors	O
,	O
and	O
cable	O
trays	O
(	O
installed	O
overhead	O
or	O
under	O
the	O
elevated	O
floor	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
required	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
power	O
and	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
cooled	O
to	O
avoid	O
overheating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
availability	O
of	O
inexpensive	O
networking	B-Device
equipment	I-Device
,	O
coupled	O
with	O
new	O
standards	O
for	O
the	O
network	O
structured	O
cabling	O
,	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
hierarchical	O
design	O
that	O
put	O
the	O
servers	B-Application
in	O
a	O
specific	O
room	O
inside	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
as	O
applied	O
to	O
specially	O
designed	O
computer	O
rooms	O
,	O
started	O
to	O
gain	O
popular	O
recognition	O
about	O
this	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
boom	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
came	O
during	O
the	O
dot-com	O
bubble	O
of	O
1997	O
–	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
companies	O
started	O
building	O
very	O
large	O
facilities	O
,	O
called	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
data	I-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
(	O
IDCs	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
provide	O
enhanced	O
capabilities	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
crossover	O
backup	B-Protocol
:	O
"	O
If	O
a	O
Bell	O
Atlantic	O
line	O
is	O
cut	O
,	O
we	O
can	O
transfer	O
them	O
to	O
...	O
to	O
minimize	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
outage.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
cloud	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
(	O
CDCs	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
typically	O
cost	O
a	O
lot	O
to	O
build	O
and	O
maintain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increasingly	O
,	O
the	O
division	O
of	O
these	O
terms	O
has	O
almost	O
disappeared	O
and	O
they	O
are	O
being	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modernization	O
and	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
transformation	O
enhances	O
performance	O
and	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
security	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
concern	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
has	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
secure	O
environment	O
that	O
minimizes	O
the	O
chances	O
of	O
a	O
security	O
breach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
must	O
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
keep	O
high	O
standards	O
for	O
assuring	O
the	O
integrity	O
and	O
functionality	O
of	O
its	O
hosted	O
computer	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industry	O
research	O
company	O
International	O
Data	O
Corporation	O
(	O
IDC	O
)	O
puts	O
the	O
average	O
age	O
of	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
at	O
nine	O
years	O
old	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gartner	O
,	O
another	O
research	O
company	O
,	O
says	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
older	O
than	O
seven	O
years	O
are	O
obsolete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
growth	O
in	O
data	O
(	O
163	O
zettabytes	O
by	O
2025	O
)	O
is	O
one	O
factor	O
driving	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
to	O
modernize	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2018	O
concern	O
had	O
shifted	O
once	O
again	O
,	O
this	O
time	O
to	O
the	O
age	O
of	O
the	O
staff	O
:	O
"	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
staff	O
are	O
aging	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
equipment.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Telecommunications	O
Industry	O
Association	O
's	O
Telecommunications	O
Infrastructure	O
Standard	O
for	O
Data	B-Operating_System
Centers	I-Operating_System
specifies	O
the	O
minimum	O
requirements	O
for	O
telecommunications	O
infrastructure	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
and	O
computer	O
rooms	O
including	O
single	O
tenant	O
enterprise	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
and	O
multi-tenant	O
Internet	O
hosting	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
topology	O
proposed	O
in	O
this	O
document	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
applicable	O
to	O
any	O
size	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telcordia	O
GR-3160	O
,	O
NEBS	O
Requirements	O
for	O
Telecommunications	O
Data	B-Operating_System
Center	I-Operating_System
Equipment	O
and	O
Spaces	O
,	O
provides	O
guidelines	O
for	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
spaces	O
within	O
telecommunications	O
networks	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
environmental	O
requirements	O
for	O
the	O
equipment	O
intended	O
for	O
installation	O
in	O
those	O
spaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
may	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
spaces	O
housing	O
data	O
processing	O
or	O
Information	O
Technology	O
(	O
IT	O
)	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
transformation	O
takes	O
a	O
step-by-step	O
approach	O
through	O
integrated	O
projects	O
carried	O
out	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
differs	O
from	O
a	O
traditional	O
method	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
upgrades	O
that	O
takes	O
a	O
serial	O
and	O
siloed	O
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
typical	O
projects	O
within	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
transformation	O
initiative	O
include	O
standardization/consolidation	O
,	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
,	O
automation	B-Application
and	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standardization/consolidation	O
:	O
Reducing	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
and	O
avoiding	O
server	O
sprawl	O
(	O
both	O
physical	O
and	O
virtual	O
)	O
often	O
includes	O
replacing	O
aging	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
equipment	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
aided	O
by	O
standardization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtualization	B-General_Concept
:	O
Lowers	O
capital	O
and	O
operational	O
expenses	O
,	O
reduces	O
energy	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtualized	B-General_Concept
desktops	O
can	O
be	O
hosted	O
in	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
and	O
rented	O
out	O
on	O
a	O
subscription	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Investment	O
bank	O
Lazard	O
Capital	O
Markets	O
estimated	O
in	O
2008	O
that	O
48	O
percent	O
of	O
enterprise	O
operations	O
will	O
be	O
virtualized	B-General_Concept
by	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gartner	O
views	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
catalyst	O
for	O
modernization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
lights-out	O
"	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
darkened	O
or	O
a	O
dark	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
,	O
is	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
that	O
,	O
ideally	O
,	O
has	O
all	O
but	O
eliminated	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
direct	O
access	O
by	O
personnel	O
,	O
except	O
under	O
extraordinary	O
circumstances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
need	O
for	O
staff	O
to	O
enter	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
operated	O
without	O
lighting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
devices	O
are	O
accessed	O
and	O
managed	O
by	O
remote	O
systems	O
,	O
with	O
automation	B-Application
programs	O
used	O
to	O
perform	O
unattended	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
energy	O
savings	O
,	O
reduction	O
in	O
staffing	O
costs	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
locate	O
the	O
site	O
further	O
from	O
population	O
centers	O
,	O
implementing	O
a	O
lights-out	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
reduces	O
the	O
threat	O
of	O
malicious	O
attacks	O
upon	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
speaking	O
,	O
local	O
authorities	O
prefer	O
noise	O
levels	O
at	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
to	O
be	O
"	O
10dB	O
below	O
the	O
existing	O
night	O
time	O
background	O
noise	O
level	O
at	O
the	O
nearest	O
residence.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
OSHA	O
regulations	O
require	O
monitoring	O
of	O
noise	O
levels	O
inside	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
if	O
noise	O
exceeds	O
85	O
decibels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
average	O
noise	O
level	O
in	O
server	O
areas	O
of	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
may	O
reach	O
as	O
high	O
as	O
92-96	O
dB(A )	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Residents	O
living	O
near	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
have	O
described	O
the	O
sound	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
high-pitched	O
whirring	O
noise	O
24/7	O
"	O
,	O
saying	O
“	O
It	O
’s	O
like	O
being	O
on	O
a	O
tarmac	O
with	O
an	O
airplane	O
engine	O
running	O
constantly	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
organizations	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
that	O
publish	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
standards	O
are	O
the	O
Telecommunications	O
Industry	O
Association	O
(	O
TIA	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Uptime	O
Institute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Telecommunications	O
Industry	O
Association	O
's	O
TIA-942	B-General_Concept
standard	O
for	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
,	O
published	O
in	O
2005	O
and	O
updated	O
four	O
times	O
since	O
,	O
defined	O
four	O
infrastructure	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
fifth	O
tier	O
has	O
been	O
Trademarked	O
by	O
Switch	O
(	O
company	O
)	O
,	O
who	O
have	O
used	O
this	O
tier	O
to	O
define	O
The	O
Citadel	O
,	O
the	O
largest	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
design	O
has	O
been	O
growing	O
for	O
decades	O
in	O
various	O
directions	O
,	O
including	O
new	O
construction	O
big	O
and	O
small	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
creative	O
re-use	O
of	O
existing	O
facilities	O
,	O
like	O
abandoned	O
retail	O
space	O
,	O
old	O
salt	O
mines	O
and	O
war-era	O
bunkers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
considerations	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
considerations	O
-	O
Space	O
,	O
power	O
,	O
cooling	O
,	O
and	O
costs	O
in	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Site	O
selection	O
:	O
Location	O
factors	O
include	O
proximity	O
to	O
power	O
grids	O
,	O
telecommunications	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
networking	B-Device
services	O
,	O
transportation	O
lines	O
and	O
emergency	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
metrics	O
exist	O
for	O
measuring	O
the	O
data-availability	O
that	O
results	O
from	O
data-center	B-Operating_System
availability	O
beyond	O
95%	O
uptime	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
scale	O
counting	O
how	O
many	O
"	O
nines	O
"	O
can	O
be	O
placed	O
after	O
"	O
99%	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modularity	O
and	O
flexibility	O
are	O
key	O
elements	O
in	O
allowing	O
for	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
to	O
grow	O
and	O
change	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
modules	O
are	O
pre-engineered	O
,	O
standardized	O
building	O
blocks	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
configured	O
and	O
moved	O
as	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
modular	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
may	O
consist	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
equipment	O
contained	O
within	O
shipping	O
containers	O
or	O
similar	O
portable	O
containers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Components	O
of	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
prefabricated	O
and	O
standardized	O
which	O
facilitates	O
moving	O
if	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Temperature	B-General_Concept
and	O
humidity	O
are	O
controlled	O
via	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Backup	B-Protocol
power	O
consists	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
uninterruptible	O
power	O
supplies	O
,	O
battery	O
banks	O
,	O
and/or	O
diesel	B-Algorithm
/	O
gas	O
turbine	O
generators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
prevent	O
single	B-Architecture
points	I-Architecture
of	I-Architecture
failure	I-Architecture
,	O
all	O
elements	O
of	O
the	O
electrical	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
backup	B-Protocol
systems	O
,	O
are	O
typically	O
given	O
redundant	O
copies	O
,	O
and	O
critical	O
servers	B-Application
are	O
connected	O
to	O
both	O
the	O
"	O
A-side	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
B-side	O
"	O
power	O
feeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
arrangement	O
is	O
often	O
made	O
to	O
achieve	O
N+1	B-Application
redundancy	I-Application
in	O
the	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Static	O
transfer	O
switches	B-Protocol
are	O
sometimes	O
used	O
to	O
ensure	O
instantaneous	O
switchover	O
from	O
one	O
supply	O
to	O
the	O
other	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
a	O
power	O
failure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raised	O
floor	O
cabling	O
,	O
both	O
for	O
security	O
reasons	O
and	O
to	O
avoid	O
the	O
extra	O
cost	O
of	O
cooling	O
systems	O
over	O
the	O
racks	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smaller/less	O
expensive	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
may	O
use	O
anti-static	O
tiles	O
instead	O
for	O
a	O
flooring	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Air	O
flow	O
management	O
addresses	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
improve	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
computer	B-General_Concept
cooling	I-General_Concept
efficiency	O
by	O
preventing	O
the	O
recirculation	O
of	O
hot	O
air	O
exhausted	O
from	O
IT	O
equipment	O
and	O
reducing	O
bypass	O
airflow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cold	O
aisle	O
containment	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
exposing	O
the	O
rear	O
of	O
equipment	B-Application
racks	I-Application
,	O
while	O
the	O
fronts	O
of	O
the	O
servers	B-Application
are	O
enclosed	O
with	O
doors	O
and	O
covers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
feature	O
fire	O
protection	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
passive	O
and	O
Active	O
Design	O
elements	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
implementation	O
of	O
fire	O
prevention	O
programs	O
in	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
main	O
room	O
usually	O
does	O
not	O
allow	O
Wet	O
Pipe-based	O
Systems	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
fragile	O
nature	O
of	O
Circuit-boards	O
,	O
there	O
still	O
exist	O
systems	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
facility	O
or	O
in	O
cold/hot	O
aisle	O
air	O
circulation	O
systems	O
that	O
are	O
closed	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
also	O
exist	O
other	O
means	O
to	O
put	O
out	O
fires	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
Sensitive	B-Operating_System
areas	I-Operating_System
,	O
usually	O
using	O
Gaseous	O
fire	O
suppression	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
Halon	O
gas	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
,	O
until	O
the	O
negative	O
effects	O
of	O
producing	O
and	O
using	O
it	O
were	O
discovered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
camera	O
surveillance	O
and	O
permanent	O
security	O
guards	O
are	O
almost	O
always	O
present	O
if	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
is	O
large	O
or	O
contains	O
sensitive	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Energy	O
use	O
is	O
a	O
central	O
issue	O
for	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
draw	O
ranges	O
from	O
a	O
few	O
kW	O
for	O
a	O
rack	O
of	O
servers	B-Application
in	O
a	O
closet	O
to	O
several	O
tens	O
of	O
MW	O
for	O
large	O
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
higher	O
power	O
density	O
facilities	O
,	O
electricity	O
costs	O
are	O
a	O
dominant	O
operating	O
expense	O
and	O
account	O
for	O
over	O
10%	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
(	O
TCO	O
)	O
of	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
(	O
excluding	O
cryptocurrency	O
mining	O
)	O
and	O
data	O
transmission	O
each	O
used	O
about	O
1%	O
of	O
world	O
electricity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
some	O
of	O
this	O
electricity	O
was	O
low	O
carbon	O
,	O
the	O
IEA	O
called	O
for	O
more	O
"	O
government	O
and	O
industry	O
efforts	O
on	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
,	O
renewables	O
procurement	O
and	O
RD&D	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
some	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
still	O
use	O
electricity	O
generated	O
by	O
fossil	O
fuels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
are	O
estimated	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
responsible	O
for	O
0.5	O
%	O
of	O
US	O
greenhouse	O
gas	O
emissions	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
metric	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
energy	O
efficiency	O
is	O
power	O
usage	O
effectiveness	O
(	O
PUE	O
)	O
,	O
calculated	O
as	O
the	O
ratio	O
of	O
total	O
power	O
entering	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
divided	O
by	O
the	O
power	O
used	O
by	O
IT	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
average	O
USA	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
has	O
a	O
PUE	O
of	O
2.0	O
,	O
meaning	O
two	O
watts	O
of	O
total	O
power	O
(	O
overhead	O
+	O
IT	O
equipment	O
)	O
for	O
every	O
watt	O
delivered	O
to	O
IT	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
publishes	O
quarterly	O
efficiency	O
from	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
in	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
U.S.	O
Environmental	O
Protection	O
Agency	O
has	O
an	O
Energy	O
Star	O
rating	O
for	O
standalone	O
or	O
large	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
qualify	O
for	O
the	O
ecolabel	O
,	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
must	O
be	O
within	O
the	O
top	O
quartile	O
of	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
of	O
all	O
reported	O
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Energy	O
Efficiency	O
Improvement	O
Act	O
of	O
2015	O
(	O
United	O
States	O
)	O
requires	O
federal	O
facilities	O
—	O
including	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
—	O
to	O
operate	O
more	O
efficiently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
California	O
's	O
title	O
24	O
(	O
2014	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
California	O
Code	O
of	O
Regulations	O
mandates	O
that	O
every	O
newly	O
constructed	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
must	O
have	O
some	O
form	O
of	O
airflow	O
containment	O
in	O
place	O
to	O
optimize	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
European	O
Union	O
also	O
has	O
a	O
similar	O
initiative	O
:	O
EU	O
Code	O
of	O
Conduct	O
for	O
Data	B-Operating_System
Centres	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
server	B-Application
racks	I-Application
in	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
were	O
designed	O
for	O
more	O
than	O
25kW	O
and	O
the	O
typical	O
server	O
was	O
estimated	O
to	O
waste	O
about	O
30%	O
of	O
the	O
electricity	O
it	O
consumed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
energy	O
demand	O
for	O
information	O
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
was	O
also	O
rising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
high	O
availability	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
was	O
estimated	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
1	O
mega	O
watt	O
(	O
MW	O
)	O
demand	O
and	O
consume	O
$	O
20,000,000	O
in	O
electricity	O
over	O
its	O
lifetime	O
,	O
with	O
cooling	O
representing	O
35%	O
to	O
45%	O
of	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
's	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Rackspace	O
and	O
others	O
founded	O
the	O
Open	B-Operating_System
Compute	I-Operating_System
Project	I-Operating_System
(	O
OCP	O
)	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
publish	O
open	O
standards	O
for	O
greener	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
computing	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
Facebook	B-Application
published	O
the	O
designs	O
of	O
its	O
server	O
,	O
which	O
it	O
had	O
built	O
for	O
its	O
first	O
dedicated	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
in	O
Prineville	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Making	O
servers	B-Application
taller	O
left	O
space	O
for	O
more	O
effective	O
heat	O
sinks	O
and	O
enabled	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
fans	O
that	O
moved	O
more	O
air	O
with	O
less	O
energy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
not	O
buying	O
commercial	O
off-the-shelf	O
servers	B-Application
,	O
energy	O
consumption	O
due	O
to	O
unnecessary	O
expansion	O
slots	O
on	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
and	O
unneeded	O
components	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
graphics	B-Device
card	I-Device
,	O
was	O
also	O
saved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
Google	B-Application
joined	O
the	O
project	O
and	O
published	O
the	O
designs	O
of	O
its	O
48V	O
DC	O
shallow	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
rack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
design	O
had	O
long	O
been	O
part	O
of	O
Google	B-Architecture
data	I-Architecture
centers	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
eliminating	O
the	O
multiple	O
transformers	B-Algorithm
usually	O
deployed	O
in	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
,	O
Google	B-Application
had	O
achieved	O
a	O
30%	O
increase	O
in	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
sales	O
for	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
hardware	O
built	O
to	O
OCP	O
designs	O
topped	O
$1.2	O
billion	O
and	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
reach	O
$6	O
billion	O
by	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
is	O
the	O
largest	O
recurring	O
cost	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
of	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
power	O
and	O
cooling	O
analysis	O
can	O
help	O
to	O
identify	O
hot	O
spots	O
,	O
over-cooled	O
areas	O
that	O
can	O
handle	O
greater	O
power	O
use	O
density	O
,	O
the	O
breakpoint	O
of	O
equipment	O
loading	O
,	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
a	O
raised-floor	O
strategy	O
,	O
and	O
optimal	O
equipment	O
positioning	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
AC	O
units	O
)	O
to	O
balance	O
temperatures	O
across	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cooling	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
second	O
largest	O
power	O
consumer	O
after	O
servers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cooling	O
energy	O
varies	O
from	O
10%	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
energy	O
consumption	O
in	O
the	O
most	O
efficient	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
and	O
goes	O
up	O
to	O
45%	O
in	O
standard	O
air-cooled	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
analysis	O
measures	O
the	O
energy	O
use	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
IT	O
and	O
facilities	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
analysis	O
measures	O
factors	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
's	O
power	O
use	O
effectiveness	O
(	O
PUE	O
)	O
against	O
industry	O
standards	O
,	O
identifies	O
mechanical	O
and	O
electrical	O
sources	O
of	O
inefficiency	O
,	O
and	O
identifies	O
air-management	O
metrics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Case	O
studies	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
by	O
addressing	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
holistically	O
in	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
,	O
major	O
efficiencies	O
can	O
be	O
achieved	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
possible	O
otherwise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
analysis	O
uses	O
sophisticated	O
tools	O
and	O
techniques	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
unique	O
thermal	O
conditions	O
present	O
in	O
each	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
—	O
predicting	O
the	O
temperature	B-General_Concept
,	O
airflow	O
,	O
and	O
pressure	O
behavior	O
of	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
to	O
assess	O
performance	O
and	O
energy	O
consumption	O
,	O
using	O
numerical	O
modeling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
predicting	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
these	O
environmental	O
conditions	O
,	O
CFD	O
analysis	O
in	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
predict	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
high-density	O
racks	B-Application
mixed	O
with	O
low-density	O
racks	B-Application
and	O
the	O
onward	O
impact	O
on	O
cooling	O
resources	O
,	O
poor	O
infrastructure	O
management	O
practices	O
and	O
AC	O
failure	O
or	O
AC	O
shutdown	O
for	O
scheduled	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thermal	O
zone	O
mapping	O
uses	O
sensors	O
and	O
computer	O
modeling	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
three-dimensional	O
image	O
of	O
the	O
hot	O
and	O
cool	O
zones	O
in	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
information	O
can	O
help	O
to	O
identify	O
optimal	O
positioning	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
critical	O
servers	B-Application
might	O
be	O
placed	O
in	O
a	O
cool	O
zone	O
that	O
is	O
serviced	O
by	O
redundant	O
AC	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
use	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
power	O
,	O
consumed	O
by	O
two	O
main	O
usages	O
:	O
the	O
power	O
required	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
actual	O
equipment	O
and	O
then	O
the	O
power	O
required	O
to	O
cool	O
the	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cooling	O
cost	O
reduction	O
from	O
natural	O
ways	O
includes	O
location	O
decisions	O
:	O
When	O
the	O
focus	O
is	O
not	O
being	O
near	O
good	O
fiber	O
connectivity	O
,	O
power	O
grid	O
connections	O
and	O
people-concentrations	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
equipment	O
,	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
miles	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
'	O
Mass	O
 '	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
like	O
Google	B-Application
or	O
Facebook	B-Application
do	O
n't	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
near	O
population	O
centers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
countries	O
with	O
favorable	O
conditions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
Canada	O
,	O
Finland	O
,	O
Sweden	O
,	O
Norway	O
,	O
and	O
Switzerland	O
,	O
are	O
trying	O
to	O
attract	O
cloud	O
computing	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bitcoin	O
mining	O
is	O
increasingly	O
being	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
potential	O
way	O
to	O
build	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
at	O
the	O
site	O
of	O
renewable	O
energy	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
very	O
difficult	O
to	O
reuse	O
the	O
heat	O
which	O
comes	O
from	O
air	O
cooled	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
infrastructures	O
are	O
more	O
often	O
equipped	O
with	O
heat	O
pumps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
to	O
heat	O
pumps	O
is	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
liquid	O
cooling	O
throughout	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
liquid	O
technologies	O
are	O
categorized	O
in	O
3	O
main	O
groups	O
,	O
Indirect	O
liquid	O
cooling	O
(	O
water	O
cooled	O
racks	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Direct	O
liquid	O
cooling	O
(	O
direct-to-chip	O
cooling	O
)	O
and	O
Total	O
liquid	O
cooling	O
(	O
complete	O
immersion	O
in	O
liquid	O
,	O
see	O
Server	B-Device
immersion	I-Device
cooling	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
combination	O
of	O
technologies	O
allows	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
thermal	O
cascade	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
temperature	B-General_Concept
chaining	O
scenarios	O
to	O
create	O
high	O
temperature	B-General_Concept
water	O
outputs	O
from	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	B-Operating_System
infrastructure	I-Operating_System
provides	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
intelligently	O
,	O
automatically	O
and	O
securely	O
move	O
workloads	O
within	O
a	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
anytime	O
,	O
anywhere	O
,	O
for	O
migrations	O
,	O
provisioning	O
,	O
to	O
enhance	O
performance	O
,	O
or	O
building	O
co-location	B-Application
facilities	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
enabling	O
cloud	O
and	O
grid	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communications	O
in	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
today	O
are	O
most	O
often	O
based	O
on	O
networks	B-Architecture
running	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
contain	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
routers	B-Protocol
and	O
switches	B-Protocol
that	O
transport	O
traffic	O
between	O
the	O
servers	B-Application
and	O
to	O
the	O
outside	O
world	O
which	O
are	O
connected	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
network	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Redundancy	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
connection	O
is	O
often	O
provided	O
by	O
using	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
upstream	O
service	O
providers	O
(	O
see	O
Multihoming	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
servers	B-Application
at	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
are	O
used	O
for	O
running	O
the	O
basic	O
Internet	O
and	O
intranet	B-General_Concept
services	O
needed	O
by	O
internal	O
users	O
in	O
the	O
organization	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
e-mail	O
servers	B-Application
,	O
proxy	B-Application
servers	I-Application
,	O
and	O
DNS	B-Protocol
servers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
security	O
elements	O
are	O
also	O
usually	O
deployed	O
:	O
firewalls	B-Application
,	O
VPN	B-Application
gateways	B-Application
,	O
intrusion	O
detection	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
off	O
site	O
monitoring	O
systems	O
are	O
also	O
typical	O
,	O
in	O
case	O
of	O
a	O
failure	O
of	O
communications	O
inside	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-mutually	O
exclusive	O
options	O
for	O
data	B-Protocol
backup	I-Protocol
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Protocol
backup	I-Protocol
techniques	O
include	O
having	O
an	O
encrypted	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
offsite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
quick	O
deployment	O
or	O
disaster	B-General_Concept
recovery	I-General_Concept
,	O
several	O
large	O
hardware	O
vendors	O
have	O
developed	O
mobile/modular	O
solutions	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
and	O
made	O
operational	O
in	O
very	O
short	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
