<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
consist	O
of	O
models	O
,	O
policies	O
,	O
rules	O
,	O
and	O
standards	O
that	O
govern	O
which	O
data	O
is	O
collected	O
and	O
how	O
it	O
is	O
stored	O
,	O
arranged	O
,	O
integrated	O
,	O
and	O
put	O
to	O
use	O
in	O
data	O
systems	O
and	O
in	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
is	O
usually	O
one	O
of	O
several	O
architecture	B-Architecture
domains	I-Architecture
that	O
form	O
the	O
pillars	O
of	O
an	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
or	O
solution	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
aims	O
to	O
set	O
data	O
standards	O
for	O
all	O
its	O
data	O
systems	O
as	O
a	O
vision	O
or	O
a	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
eventual	O
interactions	O
between	O
those	O
data	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
should	O
be	O
dependent	O
upon	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
standards	O
since	O
data	B-General_Concept
integration	I-General_Concept
requires	O
data	O
interactions	O
between	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
data	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
describes	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
structures	I-General_Concept
used	O
by	O
a	O
business	O
and	O
its	O
computer	B-Application
applications	I-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
architectures	I-General_Concept
address	O
data	O
in	O
storage	O
,	O
data	O
in	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
in	O
motion	O
;	O
descriptions	O
of	O
data	O
stores	O
,	O
data	O
groups	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
items	O
;	O
and	O
mappings	B-General_Concept
of	O
those	O
data	O
artifacts	O
to	O
data	O
qualities	O
,	O
applications	O
,	O
locations	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Essential	O
to	O
realizing	O
the	O
target	O
state	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
describes	O
how	O
data	O
is	O
processed	O
,	O
stored	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
in	O
an	O
information	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
criteria	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
operations	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
design	O
data	B-Application
flows	I-Application
and	O
also	O
control	O
the	O
flow	B-Application
of	I-Application
data	I-Application
in	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	B-Application
architect	I-Application
is	O
typically	O
responsible	O
for	O
defining	O
the	O
target	O
state	O
,	O
aligning	O
during	O
development	O
and	O
then	O
following	O
up	O
to	O
ensure	O
enhancements	O
are	O
done	O
in	O
the	O
spirit	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
blueprint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
state	O
,	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
breaks	O
a	O
subject	O
down	O
to	O
the	O
atomic	O
level	O
and	O
then	O
builds	O
it	O
back	B-Protocol
up	I-Protocol
to	O
the	O
desired	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	B-Application
architect	I-Application
breaks	O
the	O
subject	O
down	O
by	O
going	O
through	O
three	O
traditional	O
architectural	O
stages	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
second	O
,	O
broader	O
sense	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
includes	O
a	O
complete	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
relationships	O
among	O
an	O
organization	O
's	O
functions	O
,	O
available	O
technologies	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
should	O
be	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
planning	O
phase	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
and	O
storage	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
requirement	O
at	O
this	O
stage	O
is	O
to	O
define	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
relevant	O
data	O
entities	O
,	O
not	O
to	O
specify	O
computer	B-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
items	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
of	O
an	O
information	O
system	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
technology	O
plan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
plan	O
is	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
actual	O
tangible	O
elements	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physical	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
encompasses	O
database	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Database	O
architecture	O
is	O
a	O
schema	O
of	O
the	O
actual	O
database	O
technology	O
that	O
would	O
support	O
the	O
designed	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certain	O
elements	O
must	O
be	O
defined	O
during	O
the	O
design	O
phase	O
of	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
schema	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
important	O
to	O
design	O
interfaces	B-Application
to	O
the	O
data	O
by	O
other	O
systems	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
design	O
for	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
is	O
to	O
support	O
common	O
data	O
operations	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
emergency	O
procedures	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
imports	I-General_Concept
,	O
data	B-Protocol
backups	I-Protocol
,	O
external	O
transfers	O
of	O
data	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Without	O
the	O
guidance	O
of	O
a	O
properly	O
implemented	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
design	O
,	O
common	O
data	O
operations	O
might	O
be	O
implemented	O
in	O
different	O
ways	O
,	O
rendering	O
it	O
difficult	O
to	O
understand	O
and	O
control	O
the	O
flow	B-Application
of	I-Application
data	I-Application
within	O
such	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Properly	O
executed	O
,	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
phase	O
of	O
information	O
system	O
planning	O
forces	O
an	O
organization	O
to	O
specify	O
and	O
describe	O
both	O
internal	O
and	O
external	O
information	O
flows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
therefore	O
possible	O
at	O
this	O
stage	O
to	O
identify	O
costly	O
information	O
shortfalls	O
,	O
disconnects	O
between	O
departments	O
,	O
and	O
disconnects	O
between	O
organizational	O
systems	O
that	O
may	O
not	O
have	O
been	O
evident	O
before	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
constraints	O
and	O
influences	O
will	O
have	O
an	O
effect	O
on	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
enterprise	O
requirements	O
,	O
technology	O
drivers	O
,	O
economics	O
,	O
business	O
policies	O
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	O
requirements	O
These	O
generally	O
include	O
such	O
elements	O
as	O
economical	O
and	O
effective	O
system	O
expansion	O
,	O
acceptable	O
performance	O
levels	O
(	O
especially	O
system	O
access	O
speed	O
)	O
,	O
transaction	O
reliability	O
,	O
and	O
transparent	O
data	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
conversion	B-General_Concept
of	O
raw	O
data	O
such	O
as	O
transaction	O
records	O
and	O
image	O
files	O
into	O
more	O
useful	O
information	O
forms	O
through	O
such	O
features	O
as	O
data	O
warehouses	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
common	O
organizational	O
requirement	O
,	O
since	O
this	O
enables	O
managerial	O
decision	O
making	O
and	O
other	O
organizational	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
architecture	O
techniques	O
is	O
the	O
split	O
between	O
managing	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
and	O
(	O
master	O
)	O
reference	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
is	O
splitting	O
data	B-General_Concept
capture	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
from	O
data	O
retrieval	O
systems	O
(	O
as	O
done	O
in	O
a	O
data	O
warehouse	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technology	O
drivers	O
These	O
are	O
usually	O
suggested	O
by	O
the	O
completed	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
and	O
database	O
architecture	O
designs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
previously	O
purchased	O
software	B-License
licensing	I-License
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
cases	O
,	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
multiple	O
legacy	O
systems	O
requires	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
virtualization	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Economics	O
These	O
are	O
also	O
important	O
factors	O
that	O
must	O
be	O
considered	O
during	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
phase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
External	O
factors	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
business	O
cycle	O
,	O
interest	O
rates	O
,	O
market	O
conditions	O
,	O
and	O
legal	O
considerations	O
could	O
all	O
have	O
an	O
effect	O
on	O
decisions	O
relevant	O
to	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
policies	O
Business	O
policies	O
that	O
also	O
drive	O
data	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
design	O
include	O
internal	O
organizational	O
policies	O
,	O
rules	O
of	O
regulatory	O
bodies	O
,	O
professional	O
standards	O
,	O
and	O
applicable	O
governmental	O
laws	O
that	O
can	O
vary	O
by	O
applicable	O
agency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
needs	O
These	O
include	O
accurate	O
and	O
reproducible	O
transactions	O
performed	O
in	O
high	O
volumes	O
,	O
data	O
warehousing	O
for	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
management	O
information	O
systems	O
(	O
and	O
potential	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
)	O
,	O
repetitive	O
periodic	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
,	O
ad	O
hoc	O
reporting	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
support	O
of	O
various	O
organizational	O
initiatives	O
as	O
required	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
