<s>
Data	B-Application
and	I-Application
information	I-Application
visualization	I-Application
(	O
data	B-Application
viz	I-Application
or	O
info	O
viz	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
designing	O
and	O
creating	O
easy-to-communicate	O
and	O
easy-to-understand	O
graphic	O
or	O
visual	O
representation	O
of	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
complex	O
quantitative	O
and	O
qualitative	O
data	O
and	O
information	O
from	O
a	O
certain	O
domain	O
of	O
expertise	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
static	O
,	O
dynamic	O
or	O
interactive	O
visual	O
items	O
for	O
a	O
broader	O
audience	O
to	O
help	O
them	O
visually	O
explore	O
and	O
discover	O
,	O
quickly	O
understand	O
,	O
interpret	O
and	O
gain	O
important	O
insights	O
into	O
otherwise	O
difficult-to-identify	O
structures	O
,	O
relationships	O
,	O
correlations	O
,	O
local	O
and	O
global	O
patterns	O
,	O
trends	O
,	O
variations	O
,	O
constancy	O
,	O
clusters	O
,	O
outliers	O
and	O
unusual	O
groupings	O
within	O
data	O
(	O
exploratory	O
visualization	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
is	O
concerned	O
with	O
visually	O
presenting	O
sets	O
of	O
primarily	O
quantitative	O
raw	O
data	O
in	O
a	O
schematic	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
visual	O
formats	O
used	O
in	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
include	O
tables	O
,	O
charts	O
and	O
graphs	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
pie	B-Application
charts	I-Application
,	O
bar	B-Application
charts	I-Application
,	O
line	B-Application
charts	I-Application
,	O
area	B-Application
charts	I-Application
,	O
cone	O
charts	O
,	O
pyramid	O
charts	O
,	O
donut	O
charts	O
,	O
histograms	B-Algorithm
,	O
spectrograms	O
,	O
cohort	O
charts	O
,	O
waterfall	B-Application
charts	I-Application
,	O
funnel	B-Application
charts	I-Application
,	O
bullet	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
diagrams	O
,	O
plots	B-Application
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
scatter	B-Application
plots	I-Application
,	O
distribution	O
plots	B-Application
,	O
box-and-whisker	B-Application
plots	I-Application
)	O
,	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
maps	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
proportional	O
symbol	O
maps	O
,	O
choropleth	O
maps	O
,	O
isopleth	O
maps	O
and	O
heat	B-Application
maps	I-Application
)	O
,	O
figures	O
,	O
correlation	O
matrices	O
,	O
percentage	O
gauges	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
which	O
sometimes	O
can	O
be	O
combined	O
in	O
a	O
dashboard	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
deals	O
with	O
multiple	O
,	O
large-scale	O
and	O
complicated	O
datasets	O
which	O
contain	O
quantitative	O
(	O
numerical	O
)	O
data	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
qualitative	O
(	O
non-numerical	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	O
tools	O
used	O
in	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
include	O
maps	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
tree	B-Application
maps	I-Application
)	O
,	O
animations	O
,	O
infographics	O
,	O
Sankey	O
diagrams	O
,	O
flow	B-Language
charts	I-Language
,	O
network	O
diagrams	O
,	O
semantic	O
networks	O
,	O
entity-relationship	B-Architecture
diagrams	I-Architecture
,	O
venn	B-Application
diagrams	I-Application
,	O
timelines	B-Application
,	O
mind	O
maps	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emerging	O
technologies	O
like	O
virtual	O
,	O
augmented	O
and	O
mixed	O
reality	O
have	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
make	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
more	O
immersive	O
,	O
intuitive	O
,	O
interactive	O
and	O
easily	O
manipulable	O
and	O
thus	O
enhance	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
visual	O
perception	O
and	O
cognition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
data	B-Application
and	I-Application
information	I-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
the	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
graphically	O
present	O
and	O
explore	O
abstract	O
,	O
non-physical	O
and	O
non-spatial	O
data	O
collected	O
from	O
databases	O
,	O
information	O
systems	O
,	O
file	O
systems	O
,	O
documents	O
,	O
business	B-General_Concept
information	I-General_Concept
,	O
financial	O
data	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
presentational	O
and	O
exploratory	O
visualization	O
)	O
which	O
is	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
scientific	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
where	O
the	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
render	O
realistic	O
images	O
based	O
on	O
physical	O
and	O
spatial	O
scientific	O
data	O
to	O
confirm	O
or	O
reject	O
hypotheses	O
(	O
confirmatory	O
visualization	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Effective	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
is	O
properly	O
sourced	O
,	O
contextualized	O
,	O
simple	O
and	O
uncluttered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Effective	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
is	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
needs	O
and	O
concerns	O
and	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
expertise	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
audience	O
,	O
deliberately	O
guiding	O
them	O
to	O
the	O
intended	O
conclusion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
data	O
scientists	O
,	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysts	I-General_Concept
and	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
specialists	O
use	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
to	O
check	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
data	O
,	O
find	O
errors	O
,	O
unusual	O
gaps	O
and	O
missing	O
values	O
in	O
data	O
,	O
clean	O
data	O
,	O
explore	O
the	O
structures	O
and	O
features	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
assess	O
outputs	O
of	O
data-driven	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
business	O
,	O
data	B-Application
and	I-Application
information	I-Application
visualization	I-Application
can	O
be	O
part	O
of	O
data	B-Application
storytelling	I-Application
where	O
it	O
is	O
paired	O
with	O
a	O
narrative	O
structure	O
or	O
storyline	O
to	O
contextualize	O
the	O
analyzed	O
data	O
and	O
communicate	O
the	O
insights	O
gained	O
from	O
analyzing	O
the	O
data	O
clearly	O
and	O
memorably	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
convincing	O
the	O
audience	O
into	O
making	O
a	O
decision	O
or	O
taking	O
an	O
action	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
create	O
business	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
contrasted	O
with	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
statistical	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
,	O
where	O
complex	O
statistical	O
data	O
are	O
communicated	O
graphically	O
in	O
an	O
accurate	O
and	O
precise	O
manner	O
among	O
researchers	O
and	O
analysts	O
with	O
statistical	O
expertise	O
to	O
help	O
them	O
perform	O
exploratory	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
or	O
to	O
convey	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
such	O
analyses	O
,	O
where	O
visual	O
appeal	O
,	O
capturing	O
attention	O
to	O
a	O
certain	O
issue	O
and	O
storytelling	O
are	O
not	O
as	O
important	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
of	O
data	B-Application
and	I-Application
information	I-Application
visualization	I-Application
is	O
of	O
interdisciplinary	O
nature	O
as	O
it	O
incorporates	O
principles	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
disciplines	O
of	O
descriptive	B-General_Concept
statistics	I-General_Concept
(	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
the	O
18th	O
century	O
)	O
,	O
visual	O
communication	O
,	O
graphic	O
design	O
,	O
cognitive	O
science	O
and	O
,	O
more	O
recently	O
,	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computer	I-General_Concept
graphics	I-General_Concept
and	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
neighboring	O
field	O
of	O
visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
marries	O
statistical	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
,	O
data	B-Application
and	I-Application
information	I-Application
visualization	I-Application
and	O
human	O
analytical	O
reasoning	O
through	O
interactive	O
visual	O
interfaces	O
to	O
help	O
human	O
users	O
reach	O
conclusions	O
,	O
gain	O
actionable	O
insights	O
and	O
make	O
informed	O
decisions	O
which	O
are	O
otherwise	O
difficult	O
for	O
computers	O
to	O
do	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
of	O
data	B-Application
and	I-Application
information	I-Application
visualization	I-Application
has	O
emerged	O
"	O
from	O
research	O
in	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
interaction	O
,	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
graphics	O
,	O
visual	O
design	O
,	O
psychology	O
,	O
and	O
business	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
increasingly	O
applied	O
as	O
a	O
critical	O
component	O
in	O
scientific	O
research	O
,	O
digital	O
libraries	O
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
,	O
financial	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
,	O
market	O
studies	O
,	O
manufacturing	O
production	O
control	O
,	O
and	O
drug	O
discovery	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
and	I-Application
information	I-Application
visualization	I-Application
presumes	O
that	O
"	O
visual	O
representations	O
and	O
interaction	B-Application
techniques	I-Application
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
eye	O
's	O
broad	O
bandwidth	O
pathway	O
into	O
the	O
mind	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
see	O
,	O
explore	O
,	O
and	O
understand	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
information	O
at	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
focused	O
on	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
approaches	O
for	O
conveying	O
abstract	O
information	O
in	O
intuitive	O
ways.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
is	O
an	O
indispensable	O
part	O
of	O
all	O
applied	O
research	O
and	O
problem	O
solving	O
in	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
fundamental	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
approaches	O
are	O
visualization	O
(	O
histograms	B-Algorithm
,	O
scatter	B-Application
plots	I-Application
,	O
surface	O
plots	B-Application
,	O
tree	B-Application
maps	I-Application
,	O
parallel	B-Application
coordinate	I-Application
plots	I-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
statistics	O
(	O
hypothesis	O
test	O
,	O
regression	O
,	O
PCA	B-Application
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
(	O
association	B-Algorithm
mining	I-Algorithm
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
methods	O
(	O
clustering	B-Algorithm
,	O
classification	B-General_Concept
,	O
decision	B-Algorithm
trees	I-Algorithm
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
these	O
approaches	O
,	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
or	O
visual	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
reliant	O
on	O
the	O
cognitive	O
skills	O
of	O
human	O
analysts	O
,	O
and	O
allows	O
the	O
discovery	O
of	O
unstructured	O
actionable	O
insights	O
that	O
are	O
limited	O
only	O
by	O
human	O
imagination	O
and	O
creativity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
is	O
also	O
a	O
hypothesis	O
generation	O
scheme	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
typically	O
followed	O
by	O
more	O
analytical	O
or	O
formal	O
analysis	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
statistical	O
hypothesis	O
testing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
communicate	O
information	O
clearly	O
and	O
efficiently	O
,	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
uses	O
statistical	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
,	O
plots	B-Application
,	O
information	O
graphics	O
and	O
other	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
may	O
have	O
particular	O
analytical	O
tasks	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
making	O
comparisons	O
or	O
understanding	O
causality	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
design	O
principle	O
of	O
the	O
graphic	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
showing	O
comparisons	O
or	O
showing	O
causality	B-Application
)	O
follows	O
the	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
refers	O
to	O
the	O
techniques	O
used	O
to	O
communicate	O
data	O
or	O
information	O
by	O
encoding	O
it	O
as	O
visual	O
objects	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
points	O
,	O
lines	O
,	O
or	O
bars	O
)	O
contained	O
in	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
steps	O
in	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
or	O
data	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Vitaly	O
Friedman	O
(	O
2008	O
)	O
the	O
"	O
main	O
goal	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
is	O
to	O
communicate	O
information	O
clearly	O
and	O
effectively	O
through	O
graphical	O
means	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
does	O
n't	O
mean	O
that	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
needs	O
to	O
look	O
boring	O
to	O
be	O
functional	O
or	O
extremely	O
sophisticated	O
to	O
look	O
beautiful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yet	O
designers	O
often	O
fail	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
balance	O
between	O
form	O
and	O
function	O
,	O
creating	O
gorgeous	O
data	B-Application
visualizations	I-Application
which	O
fail	O
to	O
serve	O
their	O
main	O
purpose	O
—	O
to	O
communicate	O
information	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
is	O
closely	O
related	O
to	O
information	O
graphics	O
,	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
scientific	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
exploratory	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
statistical	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
new	O
millennium	O
,	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
has	O
become	O
an	O
active	O
area	O
of	O
research	O
,	O
teaching	O
and	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
2002	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
united	O
scientific	O
and	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
commercial	O
environment	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
is	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
dashboards	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Infographics	O
are	O
another	O
very	O
common	O
form	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
dot	O
plots	B-Application
and	O
bar	B-Application
charts	I-Application
outperform	O
pie	B-Application
charts	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Excellence	O
in	O
statistical	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
consists	O
of	O
complex	O
ideas	O
communicated	O
with	O
clarity	O
,	O
precision	O
,	O
and	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
multivariate	B-General_Concept
display	O
on	O
a	O
two-dimensional	O
surface	O
tells	O
a	O
story	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
grasped	O
immediately	O
while	O
identifying	O
the	O
source	O
data	O
to	O
build	O
credibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
line	B-Application
chart	I-Application
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
the	O
trend	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
bar	B-Application
chart	I-Application
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
show	O
the	O
comparison	O
across	O
the	O
sales	O
persons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
pie	B-Application
chart	I-Application
or	O
bar	B-Application
chart	I-Application
can	O
show	O
the	O
comparison	O
of	O
ratios	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
market	O
share	O
represented	O
by	O
competitors	O
in	O
a	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
bar	B-Application
chart	I-Application
can	O
show	O
comparison	O
of	O
the	O
actual	O
versus	O
the	O
reference	O
amount	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
histogram	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
bar	B-Application
chart	I-Application
,	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
this	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
boxplot	B-Application
helps	O
visualize	O
key	O
statistics	O
about	O
the	O
distribution	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
median	O
,	O
quartiles	O
,	O
outliers	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
scatter	B-Application
plot	I-Application
is	O
typically	O
used	O
for	O
this	O
message	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
bar	B-Application
chart	I-Application
may	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
this	O
comparison	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Geographic	O
or	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
:	O
Comparison	O
of	O
a	O
variable	O
across	O
a	O
map	O
or	O
layout	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
unemployment	O
rate	O
by	O
state	O
or	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
persons	O
on	O
the	O
various	O
floors	O
of	O
a	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cartogram	B-Application
is	O
a	O
typical	O
graphic	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
of	O
trial	O
and	O
error	O
to	O
identify	O
meaningful	O
relationships	O
and	O
messages	O
in	O
the	O
data	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
exploratory	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
since	O
humans	O
can	O
more	O
easily	O
process	O
differences	O
in	O
line	O
length	O
than	O
surface	O
area	O
,	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
more	O
effective	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
bar	B-Application
chart	I-Application
(	O
which	O
takes	O
advantage	O
of	O
line	O
length	O
to	O
show	O
comparison	O
)	O
rather	O
than	O
pie	B-Application
charts	I-Application
(	O
which	O
use	O
surface	O
area	O
to	O
show	O
comparison	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
all	O
data	B-Application
visualizations	I-Application
are	O
created	O
for	O
human	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visualization	O
can	O
become	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
exploration	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
have	O
shown	O
individuals	O
used	O
on	O
average	O
19%	O
less	O
cognitive	O
resources	O
,	O
and	O
4.5	O
%	O
better	O
able	O
to	O
recall	O
details	O
when	O
comparing	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
with	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
have	O
been	O
devoted	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
topics	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
and	O
scientific	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
and	O
more	O
specific	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
volume	O
visualization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
comprehensive	O
'	O
history	O
 '	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrary	O
to	O
general	O
belief	O
,	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
is	O
not	O
a	O
modern	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
documented	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
can	O
be	O
tracked	O
back	O
to	O
1160	O
B.C.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
maps	O
can	O
be	O
categorized	O
as	O
thematic	B-Application
cartography	I-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
that	O
presents	O
and	O
communicates	O
specific	O
data	O
and	O
information	O
through	O
a	O
geographical	O
illustration	O
designed	O
to	O
show	O
a	O
particular	O
theme	O
connected	O
with	O
a	O
specific	O
geographic	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Earliest	O
documented	O
forms	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
were	O
various	O
thematic	B-Application
maps	I-Application
from	O
different	O
cultures	O
and	O
ideograms	O
and	O
hieroglyphs	O
that	O
provided	O
and	O
allowed	O
interpretation	O
of	O
information	O
illustrated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
graph	O
apparently	O
was	O
meant	O
to	O
represent	O
a	O
plot	B-Application
of	O
the	O
inclinations	O
of	O
the	O
planetary	O
orbits	O
as	O
a	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
Interaction	B-General_Concept
Design	I-General_Concept
Foundation	O
,	O
these	O
developments	O
allowed	O
and	O
helped	O
William	O
Playfair	O
,	O
who	O
saw	O
potential	O
for	O
graphical	O
communication	O
of	O
quantitative	O
data	O
,	O
to	O
generate	O
and	O
develop	O
graphical	O
methods	O
of	O
statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
John	O
Tukey	O
and	O
Edward	O
Tufte	O
pushed	O
the	O
bounds	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
;	O
Tukey	O
with	O
his	O
new	O
statistical	O
approach	O
of	O
exploratory	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
and	O
Tufte	O
with	O
his	O
book	O
"	O
The	O
Visual	O
Display	O
of	O
Quantitative	O
Information	O
"	O
paved	O
the	O
way	O
for	O
refining	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
techniques	O
for	O
more	O
than	O
statisticians	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
progression	O
of	O
technology	O
came	O
the	O
progression	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
;	O
starting	O
with	O
hand-drawn	O
visualizations	O
and	O
evolving	O
into	O
more	O
technical	O
applications	O
–	O
including	O
interactive	O
designs	O
leading	O
to	O
software	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programs	O
like	O
SAS	B-Language
,	O
SOFA	B-Language
,	O
R	B-Language
,	O
Minitab	B-Application
,	O
Cornerstone	O
and	O
more	O
allow	O
for	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
applications	O
,	O
more	O
focused	O
and	O
unique	O
to	O
individuals	O
,	O
programming	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
D3	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
help	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
visualization	O
of	O
quantitative	O
data	O
a	O
possibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Private	O
schools	O
have	O
also	O
developed	O
programs	O
to	O
meet	O
the	O
demand	O
for	O
learning	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
and	O
associated	O
programming	O
libraries	O
,	O
including	O
free	O
programs	O
like	O
The	O
Data	O
Incubator	O
or	O
paid	O
programs	O
like	O
General	O
Assembly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
with	O
the	O
symposium	O
"	O
Data	O
to	O
Discovery	O
"	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
ArtCenter	O
College	O
of	O
Design	O
,	O
Caltech	O
and	O
JPL	O
in	O
Pasadena	O
have	O
run	O
an	O
annual	O
program	O
on	O
interactive	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
asks	O
:	O
How	O
can	O
interactive	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
help	O
scientists	O
and	O
engineers	O
explore	O
their	O
data	O
more	O
effectively	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
encoding	O
relational	O
information	O
with	O
appropriate	O
visual	O
and	O
interactive	O
characteristics	O
to	O
help	O
interrogate	O
,	O
and	O
ultimately	O
gain	O
new	O
insight	O
into	O
data	O
,	O
the	O
program	O
develops	O
new	O
interdisciplinary	O
approaches	O
to	O
complex	O
science	O
problems	O
,	O
combining	O
design	O
thinking	O
and	O
the	O
latest	O
methods	O
from	O
computing	O
,	O
user-centered	O
design	O
,	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
and	O
3D	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
involves	O
specific	O
terminology	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
derived	O
from	O
statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
table	B-Application
contains	O
quantitative	O
data	O
organized	O
into	O
rows	O
and	O
columns	O
with	O
categorical	O
labels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
example	O
above	O
,	O
the	O
table	B-Application
might	O
have	O
categorical	O
column	O
labels	O
representing	O
the	O
name	O
(	O
a	O
qualitative	O
variable	O
)	O
and	O
age	O
(	O
a	O
quantitative	O
variable	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
each	O
row	O
of	O
data	O
representing	O
one	O
person	O
(	O
the	O
sampled	O
experimental	O
unit	O
or	O
category	O
subdivision	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eppler	O
and	O
Lengler	O
have	O
developed	O
the	O
"	O
Periodic	O
Table	B-Application
of	O
Visualization	O
Methods	O
,	O
"	O
an	O
interactive	O
chart	O
displaying	O
various	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
six	O
types	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
methods	O
:	O
data	O
,	O
information	O
,	O
concept	O
,	O
strategy	O
,	O
metaphor	O
and	O
compound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
bar	B-Application
graph	I-Application
shows	O
comparisons	O
among	O
discrete	O
categories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
bar	B-Application
graphs	I-Application
present	O
bars	O
clustered	O
in	O
groups	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
,	O
showing	O
the	O
values	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
measured	O
variable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Divide	O
the	O
entire	O
range	O
of	O
values	O
into	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
intervals	O
and	O
then	O
count	O
how	O
many	O
values	O
fall	O
into	O
each	O
interval	O
this	O
is	O
called	O
binning	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
point	O
on	O
the	O
plot	B-Application
has	O
an	O
associated	O
x	O
and	O
y	O
term	O
that	O
determines	O
its	O
location	O
on	O
the	O
cartesian	O
plane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
size	O
Similar	O
to	O
the	O
2-dimensional	O
scatter	B-Application
plot	I-Application
above	O
,	O
the	O
3-dimensional	O
scatter	B-Application
plot	I-Application
visualizes	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
typically	O
3	O
variables	O
from	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|Pie	O
chart	O
Pie	B-Application
chart	I-Application
color	O
Represents	O
one	O
categorical	O
variable	O
which	O
is	O
divided	O
into	O
slices	O
to	O
illustrate	O
numerical	O
proportion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
pie	B-Application
chart	I-Application
,	O
the	O
arc	O
length	O
of	O
each	O
slice	O
(	O
and	O
consequently	O
its	O
central	O
angle	O
and	O
area	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
proportional	O
to	O
the	O
quantity	O
it	O
represents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
a	O
scatter	B-Application
plot	I-Application
except	O
that	O
the	O
measurement	O
points	O
are	O
ordered	O
(	O
typically	O
by	O
their	O
x-axis	O
value	O
)	O
and	O
joined	O
with	O
straight	O
line	O
segments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
time	O
(	O
flow	O
)	O
A	O
type	O
of	O
stacked	O
area	B-Application
graph	I-Application
which	O
is	O
displaced	O
around	O
a	O
central	O
axis	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
flowing	O
shape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
a	O
traditional	O
stacked	O
area	B-Application
graph	I-Application
in	O
which	O
the	O
layers	O
are	O
stacked	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
an	O
axis	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
streamgraph	B-Application
the	O
layers	O
are	O
positioned	O
to	O
minimize	O
their	O
"	O
wiggle	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Streamgraphs	B-Application
display	O
data	O
with	O
only	O
positive	O
values	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
not	O
able	O
to	O
represent	O
both	O
negative	O
and	O
positive	O
values	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
color	O
Is	O
a	O
method	O
for	O
displaying	O
hierarchical	O
data	O
using	O
nested	B-General_Concept
figures	O
,	O
usually	O
rectangles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
Gantt	B-Application
charts	I-Application
also	O
show	O
the	O
dependency	O
relationships	O
between	O
activities	O
and	O
current	O
schedule	O
status	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
categories	O
of	O
heat	B-Application
maps	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
cluster	O
heat	B-Application
map	I-Application
:	O
where	O
magnitudes	O
are	O
laid	O
out	O
into	O
a	O
matrix	O
of	O
fixed	O
cell	O
size	O
whose	O
rows	O
and	O
columns	O
are	O
categorical	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
spatial	O
heat	B-Application
map	I-Application
:	O
where	O
no	O
matrix	O
of	O
fixed	O
cell	O
size	O
for	O
example	O
a	O
heat-map	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deliberately	O
minimalist	B-Device
—	O
with	O
no	O
technical	O
indicia	O
—	O
to	O
communicate	O
intuitively	O
with	O
non-scientists	O
Developed	O
in	O
May	O
2018	O
by	O
Ed	O
Hawkins	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Reading	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Box	B-Application
plots	I-Application
may	O
also	O
have	O
lines	O
extending	O
from	O
the	O
boxes	O
(	O
whiskers	O
)	O
indicating	O
variability	O
outside	O
the	O
upper	O
and	O
lower	O
quartiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Box	B-Application
plots	I-Application
are	O
non-parametric	B-General_Concept
:	O
they	O
display	O
variation	O
in	O
samples	O
of	O
a	O
statistical	O
population	O
without	O
making	O
any	O
assumptions	O
of	O
the	O
underlying	O
statistical	O
distribution	O
,	O
thus	O
are	O
useful	O
for	O
getting	O
an	O
initial	O
understanding	O
of	O
a	O
data	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
comparing	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
ages	O
between	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
people	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
male	O
and	O
females	O
)	O
.thumb	O
|FlowchartFlowchart	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
or	O
process	O
Represents	O
a	O
workflow	B-Operating_System
,	O
process	O
or	O
a	O
step-by-step	O
approach	O
to	O
solving	O
a	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
flowchart	B-Language
shows	O
the	O
steps	O
as	O
boxes	O
of	O
various	O
kinds	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
order	O
by	O
connecting	O
the	O
boxes	O
with	O
arrows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
value	O
assigned	O
to	O
attributes	O
Displays	O
multivariate	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
two-dimensional	O
chart	O
of	O
three	O
or	O
more	O
quantitative	O
variables	O
represented	O
on	O
axes	O
starting	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
relative	O
position	O
and	O
angle	O
of	O
the	O
axes	O
is	O
typically	O
uninformative	O
,	O
but	O
various	O
heuristics	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
algorithms	O
that	O
plot	B-Application
data	O
as	O
the	O
maximal	O
total	O
area	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
sort	O
the	O
variables	O
(	O
axes	O
)	O
into	O
relative	O
positions	O
that	O
reveal	O
distinct	O
correlations	O
,	O
trade-offs	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
multitude	O
of	O
other	O
comparative	O
measures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Venn	B-Application
diagram	I-Application
consists	O
of	O
multiple	O
overlapping	O
closed	O
curves	O
,	O
usually	O
circles	O
,	O
each	O
representing	O
a	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
color	O
Exploratory	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactive	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
enables	O
direct	O
actions	O
on	O
a	O
graphical	O
plot	B-Application
to	O
change	O
elements	O
and	O
link	O
between	O
multiple	O
plots	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactive	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
has	O
been	O
a	O
pursuit	O
of	O
statisticians	O
since	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brushing	B-Application
:	O
works	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
to	O
control	O
a	O
paintbrush	O
,	O
directly	O
changing	O
the	O
color	O
or	O
glyph	O
of	O
elements	O
of	O
a	O
plot	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brushing	B-Application
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
when	O
multiple	O
plots	B-Application
are	O
visible	O
and	O
some	O
linking	B-Application
mechanism	O
exists	O
between	O
the	O
plots	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
different	O
conceptual	O
models	O
for	O
brushing	B-Application
and	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
common	O
linking	B-Application
mechanisms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brushing	B-Application
scatterplots	B-Application
can	O
be	O
a	O
transient	O
operation	O
in	O
which	O
points	O
in	O
the	O
active	O
plot	B-Application
only	O
retain	O
their	O
new	O
characteristics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transient	O
brushing	B-Application
is	O
usually	O
chosen	O
for	O
linked	O
brushing	B-Application
,	O
as	O
we	O
have	O
just	O
described	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Painting	O
:	O
Persistent	O
brushing	B-Application
is	O
useful	O
when	O
we	O
want	O
to	O
group	O
the	O
points	O
into	O
clusters	O
and	O
then	O
proceed	O
to	O
use	O
other	O
operations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
tour	O
,	O
to	O
compare	O
the	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Identification	O
:	O
which	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
called	O
labeling	O
or	O
label	O
brushing	B-Application
,	O
is	O
another	O
plot	B-Application
manipulation	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
linked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bringing	O
the	O
cursor	O
near	O
a	O
point	O
or	O
edge	O
in	O
a	O
scatterplot	B-Application
,	O
or	O
a	O
bar	O
in	O
a	O
barchart	B-Application
,	O
causes	O
a	O
label	O
to	O
appear	O
that	O
identifies	O
the	O
plot	B-Application
element	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
mapping	O
function	O
help	O
us	O
learn	O
different	O
things	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
plot	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scaling	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
to	O
zoom	O
in	O
on	O
crowded	O
regions	O
of	O
a	O
scatterplot	B-Application
,	O
and	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
aspect	O
ratio	O
of	O
a	O
plot	B-Application
,	O
to	O
reveal	O
different	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linking	B-Application
:	O
connects	O
elements	O
selected	O
in	O
one	O
plot	B-Application
with	O
elements	O
in	O
another	O
plot	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
simplest	O
kind	O
of	O
linking	B-Application
,	O
one-to-one	O
,	O
where	O
both	O
plots	B-Application
show	O
different	O
projections	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
point	O
in	O
one	O
plot	B-Application
corresponds	O
to	O
exactly	O
one	O
point	O
in	O
the	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
using	O
area	O
plots	B-Application
,	O
brushing	B-Application
any	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
area	O
has	O
the	O
same	O
effect	O
as	O
brushing	B-Application
it	O
all	O
and	O
is	O
equivalent	O
to	O
selecting	O
all	O
cases	O
in	O
the	O
corresponding	O
category	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
when	O
some	O
plot	B-Application
elements	O
represent	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
case	O
,	O
the	O
underlying	O
linking	B-Application
rule	O
still	O
links	O
one	O
case	O
in	O
one	O
plot	B-Application
to	O
the	O
same	O
case	O
in	O
other	O
plots	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linking	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
by	O
categorical	O
variable	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
by	O
a	O
subject	O
id	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
all	O
data	O
values	O
corresponding	O
to	O
that	O
subject	O
are	O
highlighted	O
,	O
in	O
all	O
the	O
visible	O
plots	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
different	O
approaches	O
on	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Friendly	O
(	O
2008	O
)	O
presumes	O
two	O
main	O
parts	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
:	O
statistical	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
,	O
and	O
thematic	B-Application
cartography	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
line	O
the	O
"	O
Data	B-Application
Visualization	I-Application
:	O
Modern	O
Approaches	O
"	O
(	O
2007	O
)	O
article	O
gives	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
seven	O
subjects	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
from	O
a	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
perspective	O
,	O
Frits	O
H	O
.	O
Post	O
in	O
2002	O
categorized	O
the	O
field	O
into	O
sub-fields	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
The	O
Harvard	O
Business	O
Review	O
,	O
Scott	O
Berinato	O
developed	O
a	O
framework	O
to	O
approach	O
data	B-Application
visualisation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
organisation	O
charts	O
and	O
decision	B-Algorithm
trees	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
and	I-Application
information	I-Application
visualization	I-Application
insights	O
are	O
being	O
applied	O
in	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Conferences	O
in	O
this	O
field	O
,	O
ranked	O
by	O
significance	O
in	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
research	O
,	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
IEEE	O
Visualization	O
:	O
An	O
annual	O
international	O
conference	O
on	O
scientific	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
information	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
and	O
visual	B-Application
analytics	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
EuroVis	O
:	O
An	O
annual	O
Europe-wide	O
conference	O
on	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
organized	O
by	O
the	O
Eurographics	O
Working	O
Group	O
on	O
Data	B-Application
Visualization	I-Application
and	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
IEEE	O
Visualization	O
and	O
Graphics	O
Technical	O
Committee	O
(	O
IEEE	O
VGTC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
presentation	I-Application
architecture	O
(	O
DPA	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
skill-set	O
that	O
seeks	O
to	O
identify	O
,	O
locate	O
,	O
manipulate	O
,	O
format	O
and	O
present	O
data	O
in	O
such	O
a	O
way	O
as	O
to	O
optimally	O
communicate	O
meaning	O
and	O
proper	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
data	B-Application
presentation	I-Application
architecture	O
is	O
attributed	O
to	O
Kelly	O
Lautt	O
:	O
"	O
Data	B-Application
Presentation	I-Application
Architecture	O
(	O
DPA	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
rarely	O
applied	O
skill	O
set	O
critical	O
for	O
the	O
success	O
and	O
value	O
of	O
Business	B-General_Concept
Intelligence	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
presentation	I-Application
architecture	O
weds	O
the	O
science	O
of	O
numbers	O
,	O
data	O
and	O
statistics	O
in	O
discovering	O
valuable	O
information	O
from	O
data	O
and	O
making	O
it	O
usable	O
,	O
relevant	O
and	O
actionable	O
with	O
the	O
arts	O
of	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
communications	O
,	O
organizational	O
psychology	O
and	O
change	B-Application
management	I-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
solutions	O
with	O
the	O
data	O
scope	O
,	O
delivery	O
timing	O
,	O
format	O
and	O
visualizations	O
that	O
will	O
most	O
effectively	O
support	O
and	O
drive	O
operational	O
,	O
tactical	O
and	O
strategic	O
behaviour	O
toward	O
understood	O
business	O
(	O
or	O
organizational	O
)	O
goals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
confused	O
with	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
data	B-Application
presentation	I-Application
architecture	O
is	O
a	O
much	O
broader	O
skill	O
set	O
that	O
includes	O
determining	O
what	O
data	O
on	O
what	O
schedule	O
and	O
in	O
what	O
exact	O
format	O
is	O
to	O
be	O
presented	O
,	O
not	O
just	O
the	O
best	O
way	O
to	O
present	O
data	O
that	O
has	O
already	O
been	O
chosen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
skills	O
are	O
one	O
element	O
of	O
DPA.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
above	O
objectives	O
in	O
mind	O
,	O
the	O
actual	O
work	O
of	O
data	B-Application
presentation	I-Application
architecture	O
consists	O
of	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
in	O
that	O
it	O
uses	O
well-established	O
theories	O
of	O
visualization	O
to	O
add	O
or	O
highlight	O
meaning	O
or	O
importance	O
in	O
data	B-Application
presentation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
but	O
information	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
's	O
focus	O
is	O
on	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
and	O
therefore	O
excludes	O
both	O
analysis	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
statistical/data	O
sense	O
)	O
and	O
direct	O
transformation	O
of	O
the	O
actual	O
content	O
(	O
data	O
,	O
for	O
DPA	O
)	O
into	O
new	O
entities	O
and	O
combinations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HCI	O
and	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
,	O
since	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
principles	O
in	O
how	O
to	O
design	O
interactive	O
data	B-Application
visualisation	I-Application
have	O
been	O
developed	O
cross-disciplinary	O
with	O
HCI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visual	O
journalism	O
and	O
data-driven	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
or	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
:	O
Visual	O
journalism	O
is	O
concerned	O
with	O
all	O
types	O
of	O
graphic	O
facilitation	O
of	O
the	O
telling	O
of	O
news	O
stories	O
,	O
and	O
data-driven	O
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
journalism	I-General_Concept
are	O
not	O
necessarily	O
told	O
with	O
data	B-Application
visualisation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
journalism	O
is	O
at	O
the	O
forefront	O
in	O
developing	O
new	O
data	B-Application
visualisations	I-Application
to	O
communicate	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
