<s>
Data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
is	O
a	O
social	O
practice	O
that	O
uses	O
technology	O
and	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
is	O
a	O
specific	O
type	O
of	O
activism	O
which	O
is	O
enabled	O
and	O
constrained	O
by	O
the	O
data	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Forms	O
of	O
data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
can	O
include	O
digital	O
humanitarianism	O
and	O
engaging	O
in	O
hackathons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
is	O
a	O
social	O
practice	O
that	O
is	O
becoming	O
more	O
well-known	O
with	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
technology	O
,	O
open-sourced	O
software	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
communicate	O
beyond	O
an	O
individual	O
's	O
immediate	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
culture	O
of	O
data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
emerged	O
from	O
previous	O
forms	O
of	O
media	O
activism	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
hacker	O
movements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
defining	O
characteristic	O
of	O
data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
is	O
that	O
ordinary	O
citizens	O
can	O
participate	O
,	O
in	O
comparison	O
to	O
previous	O
forms	O
of	O
media	O
activism	O
where	O
elite	O
skill	O
sets	O
were	O
required	O
to	O
participate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
can	O
be	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
providing	O
data	O
on	O
events	O
or	O
issues	O
that	O
individuals	O
feel	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
properly	O
addressed	O
by	O
those	O
in	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
deployment	O
of	O
the	O
Ushahidi	B-Application
platform	O
in	O
2008	O
in	O
Kenya	O
visualized	O
the	O
post-electoral	O
violence	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
silenced	O
by	O
the	O
government	O
and	O
the	O
new	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
social	O
practice	O
of	O
data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
revolves	O
around	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
data	O
is	O
political	O
in	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
allows	O
individuals	O
to	O
quantify	O
a	O
specific	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
collecting	O
data	O
for	O
a	O
particular	O
purpose	O
,	O
it	O
allows	O
data	B-Application
activists	I-Application
to	O
quantify	O
and	O
expose	O
specific	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
data	O
infrastructures	O
and	O
data	O
analytics	O
grow	O
,	O
data	B-Application
activists	I-Application
can	O
use	O
evidence	O
from	O
data-driven	O
science	O
to	O
support	O
claims	O
about	O
social	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
twofold	O
classification	O
of	O
data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
has	O
been	O
proposed	O
by	O
Stefania	O
Milan	O
and	O
Miren	O
Gutiérrez	O
,	O
later	O
explored	O
more	O
in-depth	O
by	O
Milan	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
activists	O
 '	O
engagement	O
with	O
data	B-General_Concept
politics	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
'	O
Re-active	O
data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
 '	O
can	O
be	O
characterized	O
as	O
motivated	O
by	O
the	O
perception	O
of	O
massive	O
data	O
collection	O
as	O
a	O
threat	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
when	O
activists	O
seek	O
to	O
resist	O
corporate	O
and	O
government	O
snooping	O
,	O
whereas	O
'	O
pro-active	O
data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
 '	O
sees	O
the	O
increasing	O
availability	O
of	O
data	O
as	O
an	O
opportunity	O
to	O
foster	O
social	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
differentiated	O
approaches	O
to	O
datafication	B-General_Concept
result	O
in	O
different	O
repertoires	O
of	O
action	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
not	O
at	O
odds	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
since	O
they	O
share	O
a	O
crucial	O
feature	O
:	O
they	O
take	O
information	O
as	O
a	O
constitutive	O
force	O
capable	O
of	O
shaping	O
social	O
reality	O
and	O
contribute	O
to	O
generate	O
new	O
alternative	O
ways	O
of	O
interpreting	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
re-active	O
data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
include	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
usage	O
of	O
encryption	O
and	O
anonymity	O
networks	O
to	O
resist	O
corporate	O
or	O
state	O
surveillance	O
,	O
while	O
instances	O
of	O
pro-active	O
data	B-Application
activism	I-Application
include	O
projects	O
in	O
which	O
data	O
is	O
mobilized	O
to	O
advocate	O
for	O
change	O
and	O
contest	O
established	O
social	O
narrative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DataKind	O
is	O
a	O
digital	O
activism	O
organization	O
that	O
brings	O
together	O
data	O
scientists	O
and	O
people	O
from	O
other	O
organizations	O
and	O
governments	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
using	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
in	O
similar	O
ways	O
that	O
corporations	O
currently	O
use	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
namely	O
to	O
monetize	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
here	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
help	O
solve	O
social	O
problems	O
,	O
like	O
food	O
shortages	O
and	O
homelessness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
data	B-Application
activists	I-Application
may	O
have	O
good	O
intentions	O
,	O
one	O
criticism	O
is	O
that	O
by	O
allowing	O
citizens	O
to	O
generate	O
data	O
without	O
training	O
or	O
reliable	O
forms	O
of	O
measurement	O
,	O
the	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
skewed	O
or	O
presented	O
in	O
different	O
forms	O
.	O
</s>
