<s>
Data-centric	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
language	I-Operating_System
defines	O
a	O
category	O
of	O
programming	O
languages	O
where	O
the	O
primary	O
function	O
is	O
the	O
management	O
and	O
manipulation	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
data-centric	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
language	I-Operating_System
includes	O
built-in	O
processing	O
primitives	O
for	O
accessing	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
sets	O
,	O
tables	O
,	O
lists	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
data	O
structures	O
and	O
databases	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
specific	O
manipulation	O
and	O
transformation	O
of	O
data	O
required	O
by	O
a	O
programming	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data-centric	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
languages	I-Operating_System
are	O
typically	O
declarative	B-Language
and	O
often	O
dataflow-oriented	O
,	O
and	O
define	O
the	O
processing	O
result	O
desired	O
;	O
the	O
specific	O
processing	O
steps	O
required	O
to	O
perform	O
the	O
processing	O
are	O
left	O
to	O
the	O
language	O
compiler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SQL	B-Language
relational	O
database	O
language	O
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
declarative	B-Language
,	O
data-centric	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Declarative	B-Language
,	O
data-centric	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
languages	I-Operating_System
are	O
ideal	O
for	O
data-intensive	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rapid	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
huge	O
amounts	O
of	O
information	O
available	O
online	O
and	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
Big	B-Application
Data	I-Application
processing	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Business	O
and	O
government	O
organizations	O
create	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
both	O
structured	O
and	O
unstructured	B-Application
information	I-Application
which	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
processed	O
,	O
analyzed	O
,	O
and	O
linked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Declarative	B-Language
,	O
data-centric	O
languages	O
are	O
increasingly	O
addressing	O
these	O
problems	O
,	O
because	O
focusing	O
on	O
the	O
data	O
makes	O
these	O
problems	O
much	O
simpler	O
to	O
express	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
system	O
architectures	O
such	O
as	O
Hadoop	B-Application
and	O
HPCC	B-Operating_System
which	O
can	O
support	O
data-parallel	O
applications	O
are	O
a	O
potential	O
solution	O
to	O
the	O
terabyte	O
and	O
petabyte	O
scale	O
data	O
processing	O
requirements	O
of	O
data-intensive	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clusters	O
of	O
commodity	O
hardware	O
are	O
commonly	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
address	O
Big	B-Application
Data	I-Application
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fundamental	O
challenges	O
for	O
Big	B-Application
Data	I-Application
applications	O
and	O
data-intensive	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
are	O
managing	O
and	O
processing	O
exponentially	O
growing	O
data	O
volumes	O
,	O
significantly	O
reducing	O
associated	O
data	O
analysis	O
cycles	O
to	O
support	O
practical	O
,	O
timely	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
developing	O
new	O
algorithms	O
which	O
can	O
scale	O
to	O
search	O
and	O
process	O
massive	O
amounts	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Science	O
Foundation	O
has	O
identified	O
key	O
issues	O
related	O
to	O
data-intensive	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
problems	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
programming	O
abstractions	O
including	O
models	O
,	O
languages	O
,	O
and	O
algorithms	O
which	O
allow	O
a	O
natural	O
expression	O
of	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Declarative	B-Language
,	O
data-centric	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
languages	I-Operating_System
are	O
well-suited	O
to	O
this	O
class	O
of	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data-centric	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
languages	I-Operating_System
provide	O
a	O
processing	O
approach	O
in	O
which	O
applications	O
are	O
expressed	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
high-level	O
operations	O
on	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
runtime	O
system	O
transparently	O
controls	O
the	O
scheduling	O
,	O
execution	O
,	O
load	O
balancing	O
,	O
communications	O
,	O
and	O
movement	O
of	O
programs	O
and	O
data	O
across	O
the	O
computing	O
cluster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Declarative	B-Language
Data-centric	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
languages	I-Operating_System
are	O
inherently	O
adaptable	O
to	O
various	O
forms	O
of	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
including	O
clusters	O
and	O
data	O
grids	O
and	O
cloud	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
declarative	B-Language
,	O
data-centric	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
languages	I-Operating_System
suggest	O
more	O
than	O
just	O
adapting	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
computing	O
capability	O
,	O
it	O
also	O
suggests	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
thought	O
process	O
of	O
data	O
analysis	O
and	O
design	O
of	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQL	B-Language
is	O
the	O
best	O
known	O
declarative	B-Language
,	O
data-centric	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
language	I-Operating_System
and	O
has	O
been	O
in	O
use	O
since	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
became	O
a	O
de	O
facto	O
standard	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
relational	O
databases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
new	O
system	O
architectures	O
and	O
associated	O
programming	O
languages	O
have	O
been	O
implemented	O
for	O
data-intensive	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
,	O
Big	B-Application
Data	I-Application
applications	O
,	O
and	O
large-scale	O
data	O
analysis	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
data	O
growth	O
is	O
with	O
data	O
in	O
unstructured	B-Application
form	O
and	O
new	O
processing	O
paradigms	O
with	O
more	O
flexible	O
data	O
models	O
were	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
solutions	O
have	O
emerged	O
including	O
the	O
MapReduce	O
architecture	O
pioneered	O
by	O
Google	O
and	O
now	O
available	O
in	O
an	O
open-source	O
implementation	O
called	O
Hadoop	B-Application
used	O
by	O
Yahoo	O
,	O
Facebook	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
and	O
the	O
HPCC	B-Operating_System
system	O
architecture	O
offered	O
by	O
LexisNexis	O
Risk	O
Solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hadoop	B-Application
is	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
software	O
project	O
sponsored	O
by	O
The	O
Apache	O
Software	O
Foundation	O
(	O
)	O
which	O
implements	O
the	O
MapReduce	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Hadoop	B-Application
execution	O
environment	O
supports	O
additional	O
distributed	O
data	O
processing	O
capabilities	O
which	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
using	O
the	O
Hadoop	B-Application
MapReduce	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
Pig	O
–	O
a	O
high-level	O
data-flow	O
programming	O
language	O
and	O
execution	O
framework	O
for	O
data-intensive	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
provide	O
a	O
specific	O
data-centric	O
language	O
notation	O
for	O
data	O
analysis	O
applications	O
and	O
to	O
improve	O
programmer	O
productivity	O
and	O
reduce	O
development	O
cycles	O
when	O
using	O
the	O
Hadoop	B-Application
MapReduce	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HPCC	B-Operating_System
data-intensive	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
platform	O
from	O
LexisNexis	O
Risk	O
Solutions	O
includes	O
a	O
new	O
high-level	O
declarative	B-Language
,	O
data-centric	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
language	I-Operating_System
called	O
ECL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
ECL	B-Language
allows	O
the	O
programmer	O
to	O
define	O
what	O
the	O
data	O
processing	O
result	O
should	O
be	O
and	O
the	O
dataflows	O
and	O
transformations	O
that	O
are	O
necessary	O
to	O
achieve	O
the	O
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ECL	B-Language
language	O
includes	O
extensive	O
capabilities	O
for	O
data	O
definition	O
,	O
filtering	O
,	O
data	O
management	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
transformation	O
,	O
and	O
provides	O
an	O
extensive	O
set	O
of	O
built-in	O
functions	O
to	O
operate	O
on	O
records	O
in	O
datasets	O
which	O
can	O
include	O
user-defined	O
transformation	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ECL	B-Language
programs	O
are	O
compiled	O
into	O
optimized	O
C++	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
subsequently	O
compiled	O
into	O
executable	O
code	O
and	O
distributed	O
to	O
the	O
nodes	O
of	O
a	O
processing	O
cluster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ECL	B-Language
combines	O
data	O
representation	O
with	O
algorithm	O
implementation	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
fusion	O
of	O
both	O
a	O
query	O
language	O
and	O
a	O
parallel	O
data	O
processing	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ECL	B-Language
includes	O
built-in	O
data	O
transform	O
operations	O
which	O
process	O
through	O
entire	O
datasets	O
including	O
PROJECT	O
,	O
ITERATE	O
,	O
ROLLUP	O
,	O
JOIN	O
,	O
COMBINE	O
,	O
FETCH	O
,	O
NORMALIZE	O
,	O
DENORMALIZE	O
,	O
and	O
PROCESS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Example	O
syntax	O
for	O
the	O
JOIN	O
operation	O
from	O
the	O
ECL	B-Language
Language	O
Reference	O
Manual	O
is	O
shown	O
in	O
Figure	O
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Figure	O
4	O
shows	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
equivalent	O
ECL	B-Language
code	O
for	O
the	O
Pig	O
example	O
program	O
shown	O
in	O
Figure	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ECL	B-Language
programming	O
language	O
also	O
provides	O
built-in	O
primitives	O
for	O
Natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
(	O
NLP	B-Language
)	O
with	O
PATTERN	O
statements	O
and	O
the	O
built-in	O
PARSE	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PATTERN	O
statements	O
allow	O
matching	O
patterns	O
including	O
regular	O
expressions	O
to	O
be	O
defined	O
and	O
used	O
to	O
parse	O
information	O
from	O
unstructured	B-Application
data	I-Application
such	O
as	O
raw	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
this	O
capability	O
of	O
the	O
ECL	B-Language
language	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
implement	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
form	O
information	B-General_Concept
extraction	I-General_Concept
applications	O
across	O
document	O
files	O
and	O
all	O
types	O
of	O
unstructured	B-Application
and	O
semi-structured	O
data	O
including	O
XML-based	O
documents	O
or	O
Web	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Figure	O
5	O
shows	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
ECL	B-Language
code	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
log	O
analysis	O
application	O
which	O
incorporates	O
NLP	B-Language
.	O
</s>
