<s>
Darwin	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
core	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
of	O
macOS	B-Application
(	O
previously	O
OS	O
X	O
and	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
)	O
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
watchOS	B-Device
,	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
bridgeOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
previously	O
existed	O
as	O
an	O
independent	O
open-source	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
first	O
released	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
composed	O
of	O
code	O
derived	O
from	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
,	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
other	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
projects	O
 '	O
code	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
code	O
developed	O
by	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Darwin	B-Operating_System
is	O
mostly	O
POSIX-compatible	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
never	O
,	O
by	O
itself	O
,	O
been	O
certified	O
as	O
compatible	O
with	O
any	O
version	O
of	O
POSIX	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
Leopard	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
has	O
been	O
certified	O
as	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
Single	O
UNIX	B-Application
Specification	O
version	O
3	O
(	O
SUSv3	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
heritage	O
of	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
began	O
with	O
Unix	B-Application
derivatives	O
supplemented	O
by	O
aspects	O
of	O
NeXT	O
's	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
later	O
,	O
since	O
version	O
4.0	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
OPENSTEP	O
)	O
,	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Apple	O
bought	O
NeXT	O
in	O
1996	O
,	O
it	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
base	O
its	O
next	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
on	O
OPENSTEP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
developed	O
into	O
Rhapsody	B-Operating_System
in	O
1997	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
1.0	I-Operating_System
in	O
1999	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Public	I-Operating_System
Beta	I-Operating_System
in	O
2000	O
,	O
and	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
10.0	I-Operating_System
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
release	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
the	O
Mach	B-Operating_System
2.5	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
4.4	O
OS	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
Web	I-Application
server	I-Application
components	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
Server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
interim	O
CEO	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
alluded	O
to	O
British	O
naturalist	O
Charles	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
by	O
announcing	O
"	O
because	O
it	O
's	O
about	O
evolution	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2000	O
,	O
the	O
core	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
components	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
were	O
released	O
as	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
under	O
the	O
Apple	B-License
Public	I-License
Source	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
APSL	O
)	O
as	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
;	O
the	O
higher-level	O
components	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
and	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
frameworks	O
,	O
remained	O
closed-source	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
8.0.1	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
a	O
binary	O
installer	O
(	O
as	O
an	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
)	O
after	O
each	O
major	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
release	O
that	O
allowed	O
one	O
to	O
install	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
on	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
and	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
systems	O
as	O
a	O
standalone	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Darwin	B-Operating_System
is	O
now	O
only	O
available	O
as	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
January	O
2023	O
,	O
Apple	O
no	O
longer	O
mentions	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
by	O
name	O
on	O
its	O
and	O
only	O
publishes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	O
of	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
is	O
XNU	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
hybrid	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
which	O
uses	O
OSFMK	O
7.3	O
(	O
Open	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Foundation	I-Application
Mach	B-Operating_System
Kernel	I-Operating_System
)	O
from	O
the	O
OSF	B-Application
,	O
various	O
elements	O
of	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
(	O
including	O
the	O
process	O
model	O
,	O
network	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
virtual	B-Application
file	I-Application
system	I-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
object-oriented	O
device	B-Application
driver	I-Application
API	B-General_Concept
called	O
I/O	O
Kit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hybrid	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
design	O
provides	O
the	O
flexibility	O
of	O
a	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
a	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Darwin	B-Operating_System
currently	O
includes	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
64-bit	O
x86-64	O
variant	O
of	O
the	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
processors	B-Architecture
used	O
in	O
Intel-based	O
Macs	B-Device
and	O
the	O
64-bit	B-Architecture
ARM	I-Architecture
processors	B-Architecture
used	O
in	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
5S	I-Operating_System
and	O
later	O
,	O
the	O
6th	B-Operating_System
generation	I-Operating_System
iPod	I-Operating_System
Touch	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
5th	B-Device
generation	I-Device
iPad	I-Device
and	O
later	O
,	O
the	O
iPad	B-Operating_System
Air	I-Operating_System
family	O
,	O
the	O
iPad	B-Operating_System
Mini	I-Operating_System
2	I-Operating_System
and	O
later	O
,	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
family	O
,	O
the	O
fourth	O
generation	O
and	O
later	O
Apple	B-Device
TVs	I-Device
,	O
the	O
HomePod	B-Device
family	O
,	O
and	O
Macs	B-Device
with	O
Apple	B-Device
silicon	I-Device
such	O
as	O
the	O
2020	O
Apple	B-Device
M1	I-Device
Macs	B-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
Raspberry	O
Pi	O
3B	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open-source	B-Application
port	O
of	O
the	O
XNU	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
exists	O
that	O
supports	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
on	O
Intel	O
and	O
AMD	O
x86	B-Operating_System
platforms	O
not	O
officially	O
supported	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
appear	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
updated	O
since	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open-source	B-Application
port	O
of	O
the	O
XNU	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
also	O
exists	O
for	O
ARM	B-Architecture
platforms	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
updated	O
since	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Older	O
versions	O
supported	O
some	O
or	O
all	O
of	O
32-bit	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
64-bit	B-Device
PowerPC	B-Architecture
,	O
32-bit	B-Device
x86	I-Device
,	O
and	O
32-bit	O
ARM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
the	O
POSIX	O
API	B-General_Concept
by	O
way	O
of	O
its	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
lineage	O
(	O
largely	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
userland	B-Operating_System
)	O
and	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
programs	O
written	O
for	O
various	O
other	O
UNIX-like	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
on	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
with	O
no	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Darwin	B-Operating_System
does	O
not	O
include	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
defining	O
elements	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Carbon	B-Operating_System
and	O
Cocoa	B-Operating_System
APIs	I-Operating_System
or	O
the	O
Quartz	O
Compositor	O
and	O
Aqua	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
and	O
thus	O
cannot	O
run	O
Mac	B-Device
applications	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
does	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
support	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
lesser-known	O
features	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
mDNSResponder	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
multicast	O
DNS	B-Protocol
responder	O
and	O
a	O
core	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
Bonjour	B-Application
networking	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
launchd	B-Application
,	O
an	O
advanced	O
service	B-Operating_System
management	I-Operating_System
framework	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2003	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
under	O
version	O
2.0	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-License
Public	I-License
Source	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
APSL	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
FSF	O
)	O
classifies	O
as	O
a	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
license	I-License
incompatible	O
with	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previous	O
versions	O
were	O
released	O
under	O
an	O
earlier	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
APSL	O
license	O
,	O
which	O
did	O
not	O
meet	O
the	O
FSF	O
definition	O
of	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
although	O
it	O
did	O
meet	O
the	O
requirements	O
of	O
the	B-License
Open	I-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
is	O
a	O
table	O
of	O
major	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
releases	O
with	O
their	O
dates	O
of	O
release	O
and	O
their	O
derivative	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
releases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
releases	O
of	O
Cheetah	O
(	O
v10.0.0	O
–	O
4	O
)	O
had	O
the	O
same	O
version	O
of	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wget	B-Protocol
replaced	O
with	O
cURL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	O
profiles	O
(	O
"	O
pre-heat	O
files	B-Operating_System
"	O
)	O
for	O
faster	O
program	O
launching	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
jump	O
in	O
version	O
numbers	O
from	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
1.4.1	O
to	O
5.1	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
v10.1.1	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
tie	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
to	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
version	O
and	O
build	O
numbering	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
is	O
inherited	O
from	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
build	O
numbering	O
system	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
every	O
version	O
has	O
a	O
unique	O
beginning	O
build	O
number	O
,	O
which	O
identifies	O
what	O
whole	O
version	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
it	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
v10.0	I-Operating_System
had	O
build	O
numbers	O
starting	O
with	O
4	O
,	O
10.1	O
had	O
build	O
numbers	O
starting	O
with	O
5	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
forth	O
(	O
earlier	O
build	O
numbers	O
represented	O
developer	O
releases	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apache	B-Application
1.3	I-Application
and	O
PHP	B-Application
4	O
updated	O
to	O
Apache	B-Application
2.2	I-Application
and	O
PHP	B-Application
5	O
,	O
read-only	O
ZFS	B-Application
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
core	O
used	O
for	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transparent	O
file	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
in	O
HFS+	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
XNU	B-Operating_System
no	O
longer	O
supports	O
PPC	O
binaries	O
(	O
fat	O
binary	O
only	O
for	O
i386	O
,	O
x86_64	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XNU	B-Operating_System
requires	O
an	O
x86_64	O
processor	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
iOS	B-Application
which	O
is	O
ARM	B-Architecture
based	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
was	O
rebranded	O
into	O
OS	O
X	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Server	B-Operating_System
Message	I-Operating_System
Block	I-Operating_System
version	O
2	O
(	O
SMB2	O
)	O
is	O
now	O
the	O
default	O
protocol	O
for	O
sharing	O
files	B-Operating_System
instead	O
of	O
AFP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPoTB	O
(	O
Internet	O
Protocol	O
over	O
Thunderbolt	B-Protocol
Bridge	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	B-Operating_System
Integrity	I-Operating_System
Protection	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
sudo	B-Device
is	O
configured	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
tty_tickets	O
"	O
flag	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
restricting	O
the	O
session	O
timeout	O
to	O
the	O
terminal	B-Application
session	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
window	O
or	O
tab	O
)	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
authenticated	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OS	O
X	O
was	O
rebranded	O
into	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Objective-C	B-Language
garbage	B-General_Concept
collector	I-General_Concept
removed	O
and	O
replaced	O
by	O
Automatic	B-Language
Reference	I-Language
Counting	I-Language
that	O
was	O
introduced	O
with	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
v12.0	O
(	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
v10.8	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Objective-C	B-Language
applications	O
that	O
use	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
will	O
no	O
longer	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Native	O
support	O
for	O
PPTP	B-Protocol
was	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Changed	O
filesystem	B-Application
from	O
HFS+	B-Application
to	O
APFS	B-Application
on	O
iOS	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APFS	B-Application
is	O
already	O
available	O
on	O
macOS	B-Application
since	O
10.12.0	O
but	O
ca	O
n't	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
boot	O
partition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
APFS	B-Application
replaces	O
HFS+	B-Application
as	O
the	O
default	O
filesystem	B-Application
for	O
boot	O
partition	O
in	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
Macs	B-Device
with	O
flash	B-Device
storage	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Macs	B-Device
with	O
HDDs	B-Device
,	O
the	O
boot	O
partition	O
must	O
be	O
reformatted	O
to	O
use	O
APFS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
FTP	B-Protocol
and	O
telnet	B-Protocol
commands	O
are	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kernel	B-Application
extensions	I-Application
(	O
"	O
kexts	B-Application
"	O
)	O
will	O
require	O
explicit	O
approval	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
before	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
external	O
graphics	O
processors	B-Architecture
using	O
Thunderbolt	B-Protocol
3	O
,	O
and	O
removes	O
support	O
for	O
external	O
graphics	O
processors	B-Architecture
using	O
Thunderbolt	B-Protocol
1	O
and	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	O
Extensions	O
replace	O
Kexts	B-Application
and	O
runs	O
in	O
userspace	B-Operating_System
,	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Device	B-Application
Drivers	I-Application
run	O
in	O
userspace	B-Operating_System
,	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
Date	O
Corresponding	O
releases	O
Notes	O
20.0.0	O
June	O
22	O
,	O
2020	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
11.0	I-Operating_System
beta	O
1	O
and	O
iOS	O
14.0	O
beta	O
120.1.0September	O
3	O
,	O
2020macOS	O
11.0	O
and	O
iOS	O
14.020.2.0November	O
12	O
,	O
2020macOS	O
11.1	O
and	O
iOS	O
14.320.3.0February	O
1	O
,	O
2021macOS	O
11.2	O
,	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
14.4	I-Operating_System
,	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
14.4	O
,	O
watchOS	B-Device
7.3	O
and	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
14.4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
20.4.0April	O
20	O
,	O
2021macOS	O
11.3	O
,	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
14.5	I-Operating_System
,	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
14.5	O
,	O
watchOS	B-Device
7.4	O
and	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
14.5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Build	O
dates	O
for	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
versions	O
are	O
not	O
publicly	O
available	O
;	O
the	O
commands	O
below	O
only	O
give	O
the	O
build	O
date	O
for	O
the	O
XNU	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
command	O
in	O
Terminal	B-Application
will	O
show	O
the	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
version	O
number	O
(	O
"	O
20.3.0	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
command	O
will	O
show	O
the	O
XNU	B-Operating_System
build	O
version	O
string	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
version	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
command	O
will	O
show	O
the	O
corresponding	O
ProductName	O
(	O
"	O
macOS	B-Application
"	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
ProductVersion	O
number	O
(	O
"	O
11.2.3	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
BuildVersion	O
string	O
(	O
"	O
20D91	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
nature	O
of	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
,	O
there	O
have	O
been	O
projects	O
that	O
aim	O
to	O
modify	O
or	O
enhance	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenDarwin	O
was	O
a	O
community-led	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
the	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
goal	O
was	O
to	O
increase	O
collaboration	O
between	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
developers	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
benefited	O
from	O
the	O
project	O
because	O
improvements	O
to	O
OpenDarwin	O
would	O
be	O
incorporated	O
into	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
releases	O
;	O
and	O
the	O
free/open	O
source	O
community	O
benefited	O
from	O
being	O
given	O
complete	O
control	O
over	O
its	O
own	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
could	O
then	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
distributions	O
such	O
as	O
GNU-Darwin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
25	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
OpenDarwin	O
team	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
project	O
was	O
shutting	O
down	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
felt	O
OpenDarwin	O
had	O
"	O
become	O
a	O
mere	O
hosting	O
facility	O
for	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
related	O
projects	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
efforts	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
standalone	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
had	O
failed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PureDarwin	O
was	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
bootable	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
image	O
from	O
Apple	O
's	O
released	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
halt	O
of	O
OpenDarwin	O
and	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
bootable	O
images	O
since	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
8.x	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
increasingly	O
difficult	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
full	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
as	O
many	O
components	O
become	O
closed	B-Application
source	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
the	O
project	O
created	O
a	O
preview	O
release	O
based	O
on	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
9	O
with	O
an	O
X11	O
GUI	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
a	O
command-line	B-Application
only	O
17.4	O
Beta	O
based	O
on	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
17	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacPorts	B-Application
(	O
formerly	O
DarwinPorts	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Fink	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Homebrew	B-Application
are	O
projects	O
to	O
port	O
UNIX	B-Application
programs	O
to	O
the	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
and	O
provide	O
package	B-Application
management	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
several	O
standard	O
UNIX	B-Application
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
—	O
such	O
as	O
RPM	B-Application
,	O
pkgsrc	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Portage	B-Application
—	O
have	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
ports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNU-Darwin	O
was	O
a	O
project	O
that	O
ports	O
packages	O
of	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
to	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
package	O
OS	O
images	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Darwine	B-Language
project	O
was	O
a	O
port	O
of	O
Wine	B-Application
that	O
allows	O
one	O
to	O
run	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
software	O
on	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
SEDarwin	O
was	O
a	O
port	O
of	O
TrustedBSD	O
mandatory	O
access	O
control	O
framework	B-Architecture
and	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
SELinux	B-Application
framework	B-Architecture
to	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
incorporated	O
into	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.5	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Darbat	O
project	O
was	O
an	O
experimental	O
port	O
of	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
to	O
the	O
L4	B-Operating_System
microkernel	I-Operating_System
family	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
aims	O
to	O
be	O
binary	B-General_Concept
compatible	I-General_Concept
with	O
existing	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
binaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Darling	B-Language
project	O
is	O
a	O
compatibility	O
layer	O
for	O
running	O
macOS	B-Application
binaries	O
on	O
Linux	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
some	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
various	O
projects	O
that	O
focus	O
on	O
driver	O
support	O
:	O
e.g.	O
,	O
wireless	O
drivers	O
,	O
wired	O
NIC	B-Protocol
drivers	O
modem	O
drivers	O
,	O
card	O
readers	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ext2	B-Application
and	O
ext3	B-Application
file	B-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
DarwinBSD	O
Project	O
is	O
a	O
Darwin	B-Operating_System
project	O
using	O
pkgsrc	B-Application
for	O
packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
an	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
project	O
.	O
</s>
