<s>
Dart	B-Language
is	O
a	O
programming	O
language	O
designed	O
by	O
Lars	O
Bak	O
and	O
Kasper	O
Lund	O
and	O
developed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
programming	O
language	O
is	O
designed	O
for	O
client	O
development	O
such	O
as	O
for	O
the	O
web	B-Application
and	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
,	O
and	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
build	O
server	B-Application
and	O
desktop	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
,	O
class-based	B-Application
,	O
garbage-collected	B-General_Concept
language	O
with	O
C-style	O
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
compile	B-Language
to	O
either	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
or	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
and	O
supports	O
interfaces	B-Application
,	O
mixins	B-Language
,	O
abstract	O
classes	O
,	O
reified	O
generics	B-Language
and	O
type	O
inference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
was	O
unveiled	O
at	O
the	O
GOTO	O
conference	O
in	O
Aarhus	O
,	O
Denmark	O
,	O
October	O
10	O
–	O
12	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
1.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
November	O
14	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
initially	O
had	O
a	O
mixed	O
reception	O
and	O
the	O
Dart	B-Language
initiative	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
by	O
some	O
for	O
fragmenting	O
the	O
web	B-Application
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
plans	O
to	O
include	O
a	O
Dart	B-Language
VM	O
in	O
Chrome	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
plans	O
were	O
dropped	O
in	O
2015	O
with	O
the	O
1.9	O
release	O
of	O
Dart	B-Language
to	O
focus	O
instead	O
on	O
compiling	B-Language
Dart	B-Language
to	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
2.0	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
August	O
2018	O
,	O
with	O
language	O
changes	O
including	O
a	O
type	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
2.6	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
extension	O
,	O
dart2native	O
,	O
which	O
extends	O
native	O
compilation	B-Language
to	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
desktop	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Earlier	O
developers	O
could	O
create	O
new	O
tools	O
using	O
only	O
Android	B-Application
or	O
iOS	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
extension	O
it	O
also	O
becomes	O
possible	O
to	O
compose	O
a	O
program	O
into	O
self-contained	O
executables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
company	O
representatives	O
,	O
it	O
's	O
no	O
longer	O
necessary	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
Dart	B-Language
SDK	O
installed	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
self-contained	O
executables	O
can	O
now	O
start	O
running	O
in	O
a	O
few	O
seconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
extension	O
is	O
also	O
integrated	O
with	O
the	O
Flutter	B-Application
toolkit	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
compiler	B-Language
on	O
small	O
services	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
backend	O
support	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ecma	O
International	O
has	O
formed	O
technical	O
committee	O
TC52	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
standardizing	O
Dart	B-Language
,	O
and	O
inasmuch	O
as	O
Dart	B-Language
can	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
to	O
standard	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
it	O
works	O
effectively	O
in	O
any	O
modern	O
browser	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
EI	O
approved	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Dart	B-Language
language	I-Language
specification	O
in	O
July	O
2014	O
at	O
its	O
107th	O
General	O
Assembly	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
second	O
edition	O
in	O
December	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
code	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
in	O
four	O
ways	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Web	B-Application
To	O
run	O
in	O
mainstream	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
Dart	B-Language
relies	O
on	O
a	O
source-to-source	B-Language
compiler	I-Language
to	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
project	O
site	O
,	O
Dart	B-Language
was	O
"	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
easy	O
to	O
write	O
development	B-Application
tools	I-Application
for	O
,	O
well-suited	O
to	O
modern	O
app	O
development	O
,	O
and	O
capable	O
of	O
high-performance	O
implementations.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
the	O
code	O
is	O
precompiled	B-General_Concept
into	O
JavaScript	B-Language
using	O
the	O
dart2js	O
compiler	B-Language
,	O
making	O
it	O
compatible	O
with	O
all	O
major	O
browsers	B-Application
with	O
no	O
need	O
for	O
browsers	B-Application
to	O
adopt	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
optimizing	O
the	O
compiled	B-Language
JavaScript	B-Language
output	O
to	O
avoid	O
expensive	O
checks	O
and	O
operations	O
,	O
code	O
written	O
in	O
Dart	B-Language
can	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
run	O
faster	O
than	O
equivalent	O
code	O
handwritten	O
in	O
JavaScript	B-Language
idioms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stand-aloneThe	O
Dart	B-Language
software	B-Application
development	I-Application
kit	I-Application
(	O
SDK	O
)	O
ships	O
with	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
Dart	B-Language
VM	O
,	O
allowing	O
Dart	B-Language
code	O
to	O
run	O
in	O
a	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
language	O
tools	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
SDK	O
are	O
written	O
mostly	O
in	O
Dart	B-Language
,	O
the	O
Dart	B-Language
VM	O
is	O
a	O
critical	O
part	O
of	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
tools	O
include	O
the	O
dart2js	O
compiler	B-Language
and	O
a	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
called	O
pub	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
ships	O
with	O
a	O
complete	O
standard	B-Library
library	I-Library
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
write	O
fully	O
working	O
system	O
apps	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
custom	O
web	B-Application
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ahead-of-time	B-Application
compiledDart	O
code	O
can	O
be	O
AOT-compiled	B-Application
into	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
(	O
native	O
instruction	O
sets	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apps	O
built	O
with	O
Flutter	B-Application
,	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
SDK	O
built	O
with	O
Dart	B-Language
,	O
are	O
deployed	O
to	O
app	O
stores	O
as	O
AOT-compiled	B-Application
Dart	B-Language
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NativeDart	O
2.6	O
includes	O
the	O
dart2native	O
compiler	B-Language
to	O
compile	B-Language
to	O
self-contained	O
,	O
native	O
executable	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
Dart	B-Language
2.6	O
,	O
this	O
feature	O
exposed	O
this	O
capability	O
only	O
on	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Android	B-Application
mobile	I-Application
devices	O
via	O
Flutter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
achieve	O
concurrency	B-Operating_System
,	O
Dart	B-Language
uses	O
isolates	O
,	O
independent	O
workers	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
share	O
memory	O
,	O
but	O
use	O
message	B-Architecture
passing	I-Architecture
,	O
similarly	O
to	O
Erlang	B-Operating_System
processes	O
(	O
also	O
see	O
actor	B-Application
model	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
Dart	B-Language
program	O
uses	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
isolate	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
main	O
isolate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Dart	B-Language
2	O
,	O
the	O
Dart	B-Language
web	B-Application
platform	O
no	O
longer	O
supports	O
isolates	O
,	O
and	O
suggests	O
developers	O
use	O
Web	B-Application
Workers	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snapshots	B-Application
,	O
a	O
core	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Dart	B-Language
VM	O
,	O
are	O
files	O
that	O
store	O
objects	O
and	O
other	O
runtime	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
programs	O
can	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
into	O
snapshot	B-Application
files	O
containing	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
code	O
and	O
dependencies	O
preparsed	O
and	O
ready	O
to	O
execute	O
,	O
allowing	O
fast	O
startups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dart	B-Language
core	O
libraries	O
can	O
be	O
compiled	B-Language
into	O
a	O
snapshot	B-Application
file	O
that	O
allows	O
fast	O
loading	O
of	O
the	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
standard	O
distributions	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
Dart	B-Language
VM	O
have	O
a	O
prebuilt	O
snapshot	B-Application
for	O
the	O
core	O
libraries	O
that	O
is	O
loaded	O
at	O
runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
is	O
a	O
very	O
asynchronous	B-Architecture
language	O
,	O
using	O
isolates	O
for	O
concurrency	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
these	O
are	O
workers	O
that	O
pass	O
messages	O
,	O
it	O
needs	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
serialize	B-Protocol
messages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
done	O
using	O
a	O
snapshot	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
generated	O
from	O
a	O
given	O
object	O
,	O
then	O
transferred	O
to	O
another	O
isolate	O
for	O
deserializing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
has	O
introduced	O
Flutter	B-Application
for	O
native	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
development	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flutter	B-Application
is	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
SDK	O
,	O
complete	O
with	O
framework	O
,	O
widgets	O
,	O
and	O
tools	O
,	O
that	O
gives	O
developers	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
build	O
and	O
deploy	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
,	O
written	O
in	O
Dart	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flutter	B-Application
works	O
with	O
Firebase	B-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
databases	O
like	O
sqflite	O
provided	O
by	O
flutter	B-Application
at	O
pub.dev	O
and	O
other	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
SDKs	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
open	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dart	B-Language
SDK	O
contains	O
two	O
Dart-to-JavaScript	O
compilers	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
final	O
version	O
of	O
an	O
app	O
,	O
produces	O
deployable	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
compiler	B-Language
to	O
generate	O
JavaScript	B-Language
from	O
Dart	B-Language
code	O
was	O
dartc	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
deprecated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
Dart-to-JavaScript	O
compiler	B-Language
was	O
Frog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
written	O
in	O
Dart	B-Language
,	O
but	O
never	O
implemented	O
the	O
full	O
semantics	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
Dart-to-JavaScript	O
compiler	B-Language
was	O
dart2js	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
evolution	O
of	O
earlier	O
compilers	B-Language
,	O
dart2js	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
Dart	B-Language
and	O
intended	O
to	O
implement	O
the	O
full	O
Dart	B-Language
language	I-Language
specification	O
and	O
semantics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
28	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
Dart	B-Language
team	O
posted	O
an	O
update	O
on	O
their	O
blog	O
addressing	O
Dart	B-Language
code	O
compiled	B-Language
to	O
JavaScript	B-Language
with	O
the	O
dart2js	O
compiler	B-Language
,	O
stating	O
that	O
it	O
now	O
runs	O
faster	O
than	O
handwritten	O
JavaScript	B-Language
on	O
Chrome	B-Language
's	I-Language
V8	I-Language
JavaScript	I-Language
engine	I-Language
for	O
the	O
DeltaBlue	O
benchmark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
18	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
Dart	B-Language
Editor	O
,	O
an	O
open-source	O
program	O
based	O
on	O
Eclipse	B-Application
components	O
,	O
for	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Linux-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
editor	O
supports	O
syntax	O
highlighting	O
,	O
code	O
completion	O
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
compiling	B-Language
,	O
running	O
web	B-Application
and	O
server	B-Application
Dart	B-Language
applications	O
,	O
and	O
debugging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
13	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
an	O
Eclipse	B-Application
plugin	O
for	O
Dart	B-Language
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
18	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
the	O
Dart	B-Language
Editor	O
would	O
be	O
retired	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
the	O
JetBrains	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
(	O
IDE	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
now	O
the	O
recommended	O
IDE	O
for	O
the	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dart	B-Language
plugin	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
IntelliJ	B-Language
IDEA	I-Language
,	O
PyCharm	B-Application
,	O
PhpStorm	O
and	O
WebStorm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
plugins	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
editors	O
like	O
Sublime	B-Language
Text	I-Language
,	O
Atom	B-Application
,	O
Emacs	B-Application
,	O
Vim	B-Application
and	O
Visual	B-Language
Studio	I-Language
Code	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
built	O
in	O
Dart	B-Language
,	O
and	O
contained	O
Spark	O
which	O
is	O
powered	O
by	O
Polymer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2015	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
transferred	O
the	O
CDE	O
project	O
to	O
GitHub	B-Application
as	O
a	O
free	O
software	O
project	O
and	O
ceased	O
active	O
investment	O
in	O
CDE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dart	B-Language
team	O
created	O
DartPad	O
at	O
the	O
start	O
of	O
2015	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
easier	O
way	O
to	O
start	O
using	O
Dart	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
fully	O
online	O
editor	O
from	O
which	O
users	O
can	O
experiment	O
with	O
Dart	B-Language
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
APIs	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
run	O
Dart	B-Language
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
John	O
McCutchan	O
announced	O
that	O
he	O
had	O
created	O
a	O
performant	O
interface	O
to	O
single	B-Device
instruction	I-Device
,	I-Device
multiple	I-Device
data	I-Device
(	O
SIMD	B-Device
)	O
instruction	O
sets	O
for	O
Dart	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instances	O
of	O
these	O
types	O
are	O
immutable	O
and	O
in	O
optimized	O
code	O
are	O
mapped	O
directly	O
to	O
SIMD	B-Device
registers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operations	O
expressed	O
in	O
Dart	B-Language
typically	O
are	O
compiled	B-Language
into	O
one	O
instruction	O
with	O
no	O
overhead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
C	B-Language
and	O
C++	B-Language
intrinsics	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Benchmarks	O
for	O
4×4	O
matrix	O
multiplication	O
,	O
3D	O
vertex	O
transformation	O
,	O
and	O
Mandelbrot	B-Algorithm
set	I-Algorithm
visualization	O
show	O
near	O
400%	O
speedup	O
compared	O
to	O
scalar	O
code	O
written	O
in	O
Dart	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
function	O
to	O
calculate	O
the	O
nth	O
Fibonacci	B-Algorithm
number	I-Algorithm
:	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
is	O
a	O
descendant	O
of	O
the	O
ALGOL	B-Language
language	I-Language
family	O
,	O
alongside	O
C	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
C#	B-Application
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
cascade	O
syntax	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
syntactic	O
shortcut	O
for	O
invoking	O
several	O
methods	O
one	O
after	O
another	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
object	O
,	O
is	O
adopted	O
from	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
's	O
mixins	B-Language
were	O
influenced	O
by	O
Strongtalk	B-Language
and	O
Ruby	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dart	B-Language
makes	O
use	O
of	O
isolates	O
as	O
a	O
concurrency	B-Operating_System
and	O
security	O
unit	O
when	O
structuring	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Isolate	O
concept	O
builds	O
upon	O
the	O
Actor	B-Application
model	I-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
most	O
famously	O
implemented	O
in	O
Erlang	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mirror	O
API	B-Application
for	O
performing	O
controlled	O
and	O
secure	O
reflection	B-Language
was	O
first	O
proposed	O
in	O
a	O
paper	O
by	O
Gilad	O
Bracha	O
(	O
who	O
was	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
Dart	B-Language
team	O
)	O
and	O
David	O
Ungar	O
and	O
originally	O
implemented	O
in	O
Self	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
