<s>
Digital	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Broadcasting	I-Application
(	O
DVB	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
international	O
open	O
standards	O
for	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
standards	I-Application
are	O
maintained	O
by	O
the	O
DVB	B-Application
Project	I-Application
,	O
an	O
international	O
industry	O
consortium	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
published	O
by	O
a	O
Joint	O
Technical	O
Committee	O
(	O
JTC	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Telecommunications	O
Standards	O
Institute	O
(	O
ETSI	O
)	O
,	O
European	O
Committee	O
for	O
Electrotechnical	O
Standardization	O
(	O
CENELEC	O
)	O
and	O
European	O
Broadcasting	O
Union	O
(	O
EBU	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
systems	O
distribute	O
data	O
using	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
approaches	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
standards	O
define	O
the	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
and	O
data	B-Protocol
link	I-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
of	O
the	O
distribution	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
via	O
a	O
synchronous	O
parallel	O
interface	B-Application
(	O
SPI	O
)	O
,	O
synchronous	O
serial	O
interface	B-Application
(	O
SSI	O
)	O
or	O
asynchronous	O
serial	O
interface	B-Application
(	O
ASI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
data	O
is	O
transmitted	O
in	O
MPEG	O
transport	O
streams	O
with	O
some	O
additional	O
constraints	O
(	O
DVB-MPEG	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
standard	O
for	O
temporally-compressed	O
distribution	O
to	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
(	O
DVB-H	B-Protocol
)	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
November	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
distribution	O
systems	O
differ	O
mainly	O
in	O
the	O
modulation	B-Application
schemes	O
used	O
and	O
error	O
correcting	O
codes	O
used	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
different	O
technical	O
constraints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-S	O
(	O
SHF	B-Algorithm
)	O
uses	O
QPSK	O
,	O
8-PSK	O
or	O
16-QAM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-S2	O
uses	O
QPSK	O
,	O
8-PSK	O
,	O
16-APSK	O
or	O
32-APSK	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
broadcasters	O
decision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QPSK	O
and	O
8-PSK	O
are	O
the	O
only	O
versions	O
regularly	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-C	B-Device
(	O
VHF/UHF	O
)	O
uses	O
QAM	B-Device
:	O
16-QAM	B-Device
,	O
32-QAM	B-Device
,	O
64-QAM	B-Device
,	O
128-QAM	B-Device
or	O
256-QAM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lastly	O
,	O
DVB-T	O
(	O
VHF/UHF	O
)	O
uses	O
16-QAM	B-Device
or	O
64-QAM	B-Device
(	O
or	O
QPSK	O
)	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
(	O
C	B-Algorithm
)	O
OFDM	B-Protocol
and	O
can	O
support	O
hierarchical	B-Protocol
modulation	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
specification	O
was	O
approved	O
by	O
the	O
DVB	B-Application
Steering	O
Board	O
in	O
June	O
2008	O
and	O
sent	O
to	O
ETSI	O
for	O
adoption	O
as	O
a	O
formal	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
standard	O
gives	O
more	O
robust	O
TV	O
reception	O
and	O
increases	O
the	O
possible	O
bit	O
rate	O
by	O
over	O
30%	O
for	O
single	O
transmitters	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
)	O
and	O
will	O
increase	O
the	O
maximum	O
bit	O
rate	O
by	O
over	O
50%	O
in	O
large	O
single-frequency	B-Device
networks	I-Device
(	O
as	O
in	O
Germany	O
and	O
Sweden	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
has	O
established	O
a	O
3D	O
TV	O
group	O
(	O
CM-3DTV	O
)	O
to	O
identify	O
"	O
what	O
kind	O
of	O
3D-TV	O
solution	O
does	O
the	O
market	O
want	O
and	O
need	O
,	O
and	O
how	O
can	O
DVB	B-Application
play	O
an	O
active	O
part	O
in	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
that	O
solution	O
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CM-3DTV	O
group	O
held	O
a	O
DVB	B-Device
3D-TV	I-Device
Kick-off	O
Workshop	O
in	O
Geneva	O
on	O
25	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
first	O
CM-3DTV	O
meeting	O
the	O
next	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
now	O
defines	O
a	O
new	O
standard	O
for	O
3D	O
video	O
broadcast	O
:	O
DVB	B-Device
3D-TV	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modes	O
and	O
features	O
of	O
latest	O
DVB-x2	O
system	O
standards	O
in	O
comparison	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
video	O
content	O
is	O
encoded	O
using	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
)	O
based	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standards	I-Algorithm
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
H.26x	B-Application
and	O
MPEG	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
audio	O
content	O
is	O
encoded	O
using	O
modified	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
MDCT	O
)	O
based	O
audio	O
coding	O
standards	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Advanced	B-Application
Audio	I-Application
Coding	I-Application
(	O
AAC	O
)	O
,	O
Dolby	O
Digital	O
(	O
AC-3	O
)	O
and	O
MP3	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
digital	O
audio	O
and	O
digital	O
video	O
transmission	O
,	O
DVB	B-Application
also	O
defines	O
data	O
connections	O
(	O
DVB-DATA	B-Application
-	O
EN	O
301	O
192	O
)	O
with	O
return	O
channels	O
(	O
DVB-RC	O
)	O
for	O
several	O
media	O
(	O
DECT	B-Protocol
,	O
GSM	O
,	O
PSTN/ISDN	O
,	O
satellite	B-Application
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
protocols	O
(	O
DVB-IPTV	O
:	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
;	O
DVB-NPI	O
:	O
network	O
protocol	O
independent	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Older	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
teletext	O
(	O
DVB-TXT	B-Application
)	O
and	O
vertical	O
blanking	O
interval	O
data	O
(	O
DVB-VBI	B-Application
)	O
are	O
also	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
standards	O
to	O
ease	O
conversion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
for	O
many	O
applications	O
more	O
advanced	O
alternatives	O
like	O
DVB-SUB	B-Application
for	O
subtitling	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
(	O
DVB-CA	B-Application
)	O
defines	O
a	O
Common	B-Device
Scrambling	I-Device
Algorithm	I-Device
(	O
DVB-CSA	B-Device
)	O
and	O
a	O
physical	O
Common	B-Device
Interface	I-Device
(	O
DVB-CI	B-Device
)	O
for	O
accessing	O
scrambled	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-CA	B-Application
providers	O
develop	O
their	O
wholly	O
proprietary	O
conditional	B-Architecture
access	I-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
with	O
reference	O
to	O
these	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
simultaneous	O
CA	O
systems	O
can	O
be	O
assigned	O
to	O
a	O
scrambled	O
DVB	B-Application
program	O
stream	O
providing	O
operational	O
and	O
commercial	O
flexibility	O
for	O
the	O
service	O
provider	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
is	O
also	O
developing	O
a	O
Content	O
Protection	O
and	O
Copy	O
Management	O
system	O
for	O
protecting	O
content	O
after	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
received	O
(	O
DVB-CPCM	B-Device
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
allow	O
flexible	O
use	O
of	O
recorded	O
content	O
on	O
a	O
home	O
network	O
or	O
beyond	O
,	O
while	O
preventing	O
unconstrained	O
sharing	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-CPCM	B-Device
has	O
been	O
the	O
source	O
of	O
much	O
controversy	O
in	O
the	O
popular	O
press	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
said	O
that	O
CPCM	O
is	O
the	O
DVB	B-Application
's	O
answer	O
to	O
the	O
failed	O
American	O
Broadcast	B-Device
Flag	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
transports	O
include	O
metadata	O
called	O
Service	O
Information	O
(	O
DVB-SI	B-Application
,	O
ETSI	O
EN	O
300	O
468	O
,	O
ETSI	O
TR	O
101	O
211	O
)	O
that	O
links	O
the	O
various	O
elementary	O
streams	O
into	O
coherent	O
programs	O
and	O
provides	O
human-readable	B-General_Concept
descriptions	O
for	O
electronic	B-Device
program	I-Device
guides	I-Device
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
automatic	O
searching	O
and	O
filtering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dating	O
system	O
used	O
with	O
this	O
metadata	O
suffers	O
from	O
a	O
year	B-Application
2038	I-Application
problem	I-Application
in	O
which	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
limited	O
16	O
bits	O
and	O
modified	O
Julian	O
day	O
offset	O
used	O
will	O
cause	O
an	O
overflow	O
issue	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
year	B-Error_Name
2000	I-Error_Name
problem	I-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
comparison	O
,	O
the	O
rival	O
DigiCipher	B-Device
2	I-Device
based	O
ATSC	B-Device
system	I-Device
will	O
not	O
have	O
this	O
issue	O
until	O
2048	O
due	O
in	O
part	O
to	O
32	O
bits	O
being	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
DVB	B-Application
has	O
adopted	O
a	O
profile	O
of	O
the	O
metadata	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
TV-Anytime	B-Device
Forum	O
(	O
DVB-TVA	O
,	O
ETSI	O
TS	O
102323	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
an	O
XML	O
Schema	O
based	O
technology	O
and	O
the	O
DVB	B-Application
profile	O
is	O
tailored	O
for	O
enhanced	O
Personal	B-Application
Digital	I-Application
Recorders	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
lately	O
also	O
started	O
an	O
activity	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
service	O
for	O
IPTV	O
(	O
DVB-IPI	O
,	O
ETSI	O
TR	O
102033	O
,	O
ETSI	O
TS	O
102034	O
,	O
ETSI	O
TS	O
102814	O
)	O
which	O
also	O
includes	O
metadata	O
definitions	O
for	O
a	O
broadband	O
content	O
guide	O
(	O
DVB-BCG	O
,	O
ETSI	O
TS	O
102	O
539	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DVB	B-Device
Multimedia	I-Device
Home	I-Device
Platform	I-Device
(	O
DVB-MHP	B-Device
)	O
defines	O
a	O
Java-based	O
platform	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
consumer	O
video	O
system	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
providing	O
abstractions	O
for	O
many	O
DVB	B-Application
and	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
concepts	O
,	O
it	O
provides	O
interfaces	B-Application
for	O
other	O
features	O
like	O
network	O
card	O
control	O
,	O
application	O
download	O
,	O
and	O
layered	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
has	O
standardized	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
return	O
channels	O
that	O
work	O
together	O
with	O
DVB( 	O
-S/T/C	O
)	O
to	O
create	O
bi-directional	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RCS	O
is	O
short	O
for	O
Return	O
Channel	O
Satellite	B-Application
,	O
and	O
specifies	O
return	O
channels	O
in	O
C	B-Algorithm
,	O
Ku	O
and	O
Ka	O
frequency	O
bands	O
with	O
return	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
2Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-RCT	O
is	O
short	O
for	O
Return	O
Channel	O
Terrestrial	O
,	O
specified	O
by	O
ETSI	O
EN	O
301958	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DVB-I	O
standard	O
(	O
ETSI	O
TS	O
103	O
770	O
)	O
defines	O
an	O
internet-based	O
request	O
and	O
response	O
mechanism	O
to	O
discover	O
and	O
access	O
audiovisual	O
services	O
delivered	O
over	O
traditional	O
digital	O
broadcast	O
transmissions	O
or	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
networks	O
and	O
present	O
them	O
in	O
a	O
unified	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-S	O
and	O
DVB-C	B-Device
were	O
ratified	O
in	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-T	O
was	O
ratified	O
in	O
early	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercial	O
DVB-T	O
broadcasts	O
were	O
performed	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
's	O
Digital	B-Application
TV	I-Application
Group	O
in	O
late	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
European	O
countries	O
are	O
fully	O
covered	O
by	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
and	O
many	O
have	O
switched	O
off	O
PAL/SECAM	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
standards	I-Application
are	O
used	O
throughout	O
Europe	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
Australia	O
,	O
South	O
Africa	O
and	O
India	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
cable	O
and	O
satellite	B-Application
broadcasting	O
in	O
most	O
Asian	O
,	O
African	O
and	O
many	O
South	O
American	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
have	O
not	O
yet	O
selected	O
a	O
format	O
for	O
digital	B-Application
terrestrial	I-Application
broadcasts	O
(	O
DTTV	B-Application
)	O
and	O
a	O
few	O
(	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
El	O
Salvador	O
,	O
Honduras	O
,	O
Mexico	O
and	O
South	O
Korea	O
)	O
have	O
chosen	O
ATSC	B-Device
instead	O
of	O
DVB-T	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-T	O
broadcasts	O
were	O
launched	O
by	O
the	O
President	O
of	O
Kenya	O
,	O
Mwai	O
Kibaki	O
on	O
9	O
December	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Broadcasts	O
are	O
using	O
H.264	B-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Nairobi	O
supplying	O
the	O
decoders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kenya	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
broadcasting	O
DVB-H	B-Protocol
since	O
July	O
2009	O
,	O
available	O
on	O
selected	O
Nokia	O
and	O
ZTE	O
handsets	O
on	O
the	O
Safaricom	O
and	O
other	O
GSM	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
pay	O
TV	O
operator	O
Blueline	O
launched	O
a	O
DVB-T	O
service	O
branded	O
BluelineTV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
1995	O
,	O
the	O
pay	O
TV	O
operator	O
DStv	O
used	O
the	O
DVB-S	O
standard	O
to	O
broadcast	O
its	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
it	O
started	O
a	O
DVB	B-Application
over	O
IP	O
service	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
2011	O
it	O
started	O
DStv	O
mobile	O
using	O
the	O
DVB-H	B-Protocol
standard	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
South	O
African	O
cabinet	O
endorsed	O
a	O
decision	O
by	O
a	O
Southern	O
African	O
Development	O
Community	O
(	O
SADC	O
)	O
task	O
team	O
to	O
adopt	O
the	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
,	O
several	O
cable	O
TV	O
operators	O
such	O
as	O
TVB	O
Pay	O
Vision	O
and	O
Cable	O
TV	O
have	O
already	O
started	O
using	O
DVB-S	O
or	O
DVB-C	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
government	O
however	O
has	O
adopted	O
the	O
DMB-T/H	O
standard	O
,	O
developed	O
in	O
mainland	O
China	O
,	O
for	O
its	O
digital	B-Application
terrestrial	I-Application
broadcasting	O
services	O
which	O
has	O
started	O
since	O
31	O
December	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
17	O
March	O
2009	O
,	O
DVB-H	B-Protocol
and	O
DVB-T	O
H.264/AAC	O
broadcasting	O
started	O
in	O
Tehran	O
by	O
the	O
IRIB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-T	O
broadcasting	O
is	O
now	O
widely	O
available	O
in	O
other	O
cities	O
such	O
as	O
Isfahan	O
,	O
Mashhad	O
,	O
Shiraz	O
,	O
Qom	O
,	O
Tabriz	O
and	O
Rasht	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-T	O
broadcasts	O
using	O
H.264	B-Application
commenced	O
in	O
Israel	O
on	O
1	O
June	O
2009	O
with	O
the	O
broadcast	O
trial	O
and	O
the	O
full	O
broadcast	O
began	O
on	O
2	O
August	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
2010	O
,	O
DVB-T	O
broadcasts	O
have	O
become	O
widely	O
available	O
in	O
most	O
of	O
Israel	O
and	O
an	O
EPG	B-Device
was	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
broadcasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
SKY	O
PerfecTV	O
!,	O
Japan	O
uses	O
different	O
formats	O
in	O
all	O
areas	O
(	O
ISDB	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
however	O
quite	O
similar	O
to	O
their	O
DVB	B-Application
counterparts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SkyPerfect	O
is	O
a	O
satellite	B-Application
provider	O
using	O
DVB	B-Application
on	O
its	O
124	O
and	O
128	O
degrees	O
east	O
satellites	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
satellite	B-Application
at	O
110	O
degrees	O
east	O
does	O
not	O
use	O
DVB	B-Application
,	O
however	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Malaysia	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
pay	O
television	O
station	O
MiTV	O
began	O
service	O
in	O
September	O
2005	O
using	O
DVB-IPTV	O
technology	O
while	O
lone	O
satellite	B-Application
programming	O
provider	O
ASTRO	O
has	O
been	O
transmitting	O
in	O
DVB-S	O
since	O
its	O
inception	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free-to-air	O
DVB-T	O
trials	O
began	O
in	O
late	O
2006	O
with	O
a	O
simulcast	O
of	O
both	O
TV1	O
and	O
TV2	O
plus	O
a	O
new	O
channel	O
called	O
RTM3/RTMi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2007	O
,	O
RTM	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
outcome	O
of	O
the	O
test	O
was	O
favourable	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
expected	O
DVB-T	O
to	O
go	O
public	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
MiTV	O
closed	O
down	O
,	O
changed	O
its	O
name	O
to	O
U-Television	O
and	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
changing	O
to	O
scrambled	O
DVB-T	O
upon	O
relaunch	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
DVB-IPTV	O
system	O
used	O
prior	O
to	O
shutting	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
RTM	O
's	O
digital	O
network	O
again	O
did	O
not	O
go	O
public	O
,	O
although	O
around	O
this	O
time	O
TVs	O
that	O
are	O
first-generation	O
DVB-T	O
capable	O
went	O
on	O
sale	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
government	O
has	O
since	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
will	O
be	O
deploying	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
instead	O
in	O
stages	O
starting	O
in	O
mid-2015	O
and	O
analog	O
shutoff	O
has	O
been	O
delayed	O
to	O
April	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Philippines	O
,	O
DVB-S	O
and	O
DVB-S2	O
are	O
the	O
two	O
broadcast	O
standards	O
currently	O
used	O
by	O
satellite	B-Application
companies	O
,	O
while	O
DVB-C	B-Device
is	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
some	O
cable	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
government	O
adopted	O
DVB-T	O
in	O
November	O
2006	O
for	O
digital	B-Application
terrestrial	I-Application
broadcasting	O
but	O
a	O
year	O
later	O
,	O
it	O
considered	O
other	O
standards	O
to	O
replace	O
DVB-T	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
country	O
has	O
chosen	O
the	O
ISDB-T	O
system	O
instead	O
of	O
DVB-T	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Taiwan	O
,	O
some	O
digital	O
cable	O
television	O
systems	O
use	O
DVB-C	B-Device
,	O
though	O
most	O
customers	O
still	O
use	O
analog	O
NTSC	O
cable	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
government	O
planned	O
adopting	O
ATSC	B-Device
or	O
the	O
Japanese	O
ISDB-T	O
standard	O
as	O
NTSC	O
's	O
replacement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
country	O
has	O
chosen	O
the	O
European	O
DVB-T	O
system	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Public	O
Television	O
Service	O
(	O
PTS	O
)	O
and	O
Formosan	O
TV	O
now	O
provided	O
high	B-Device
definition	I-Device
television	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
former	O
has	O
a	O
channel	O
called	O
HiHD	O
;	O
the	O
latter	O
uses	O
its	O
HD	B-Device
channel	O
for	O
broadcasting	O
MLB	O
baseball	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cyprus	O
uses	O
DVB-T	O
with	O
MPEG-4	O
encoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Denmark	O
,	O
DVB-T	O
replaced	O
the	O
analog	O
transmission	O
system	O
for	O
TV	O
on	O
1	O
November	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Danish	O
national	O
digital	B-Application
TV	I-Application
transmission	O
has	O
been	O
outsourced	O
to	O
the	O
company	O
Boxer	O
TV	O
A/S	O
,	O
acting	O
as	O
gatekeeper	O
organization	O
for	O
terrestrial	O
TV	O
transmission	O
in	O
Denmark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-T	O
transmissions	O
were	O
launched	O
on	O
21	O
August	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
analogue	O
switchoff	O
,	O
the	O
terrestrial	O
network	O
had	O
three	O
multiplexes	O
:	O
MUX	O
A	O
,	O
MUX	O
B	O
and	O
MUX	O
C	B-Algorithm
.	O
MUX	O
A	O
contained	O
the	O
channels	O
of	O
the	O
public	O
broadcaster	O
Yleisradio	O
and	O
MUX	O
B	O
was	O
shared	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
commercial	O
broadcasters	O
:	O
MTV3	O
and	O
Nelonen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MUX	O
C	B-Algorithm
contained	O
channels	O
of	O
various	O
other	O
broadcasters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Italy	O
,	O
DVB-S	O
started	O
in	O
1996	O
and	O
the	O
final	O
analogue	O
broadcasts	O
were	O
terminated	O
in	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
switch-off	O
from	O
analogue	O
terrestrial	O
network	O
to	O
DVB-T	O
started	O
on	O
15	O
October	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
,	O
DVB-S	O
broadcasting	O
started	O
on	O
1	O
July	O
1996	O
,	O
satellite	B-Application
provider	O
MultiChoice	O
(	O
now	O
CanalDigitaal	O
)	O
switched	O
off	O
the	O
analogue	O
service	O
shortly	O
after	O
on	O
18	O
August	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-T	O
broadcasting	O
started	O
April	O
2003	O
,	O
and	O
terrestrial	O
analog	O
broadcasting	O
was	O
switched	O
off	O
December	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
June	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
Dutch	O
DVB-T	O
service	O
had	O
29	O
TV	O
channels	O
and	O
20	O
radio	O
channels	O
(	O
including	O
free	O
to	O
air	O
channels	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
will	O
be	O
introduced	O
during	O
2019/2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Norway	O
,	O
DVB-T	O
broadcasting	O
is	O
marketed	O
under	O
RiksTV	O
(	O
encrypted	O
pay	O
channels	O
)	O
and	O
NRK	O
(	O
unencrypted	O
public	O
channels	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-T	O
broadcasting	O
via	O
the	O
terrestrial	O
network	O
began	O
in	O
November	O
2007	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
subsequently	O
been	O
rolled	O
out	O
one	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
country	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Norwegian	O
implementation	O
of	O
DVB-T	O
is	O
different	O
from	O
most	O
others	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
uses	O
H.264	B-Application
with	O
HE-AAC	O
audio	O
encoding	O
,	O
while	O
most	O
other	O
countries	O
have	O
adapted	O
the	O
less	O
recent	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notably	O
most	O
DVB	B-Application
software	O
for	O
PC	O
has	O
problems	O
with	O
this	O
,	O
though	O
in	O
late	O
2007	O
compatible	O
software	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
like	O
DVBViewer	B-Device
using	O
the	O
libfaad2	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
has	O
released	O
several	O
HDTVs	B-Device
(	O
Bravia	O
W3000	O
,	O
X3000	O
,	O
X3500	O
,	O
E4000	O
,	O
V4500	O
,	O
W4000	O
,	O
W4500	O
,	O
X4500	O
)	O
that	O
support	O
Norway	O
's	O
DVB-T	O
implementation	O
without	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
separate	O
set-top	O
box	O
,	O
and	O
Sagem	O
ITD91	O
HD	B-Device
,	O
Grundig	O
DTR	O
8720	O
STBs	O
are	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
Poland	O
uses	O
the	O
DVB-T	O
standard	O
with	O
MPEG-4	O
encoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Portugal	O
follows	O
the	O
DVB-T	O
implementation	O
,	O
using	O
H.264	B-Application
with	O
AAC	O
audio	O
encoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Romania	O
started	O
digital	B-Application
terrestrial	I-Application
broadcasting	O
in	O
2005	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
virtually	O
unknown	O
by	O
many	O
people	O
in	O
Romania	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
content	O
,	O
cable	O
TV	O
and	O
satellite	B-Application
TV	O
being	O
far	O
more	O
popular	O
,	O
however	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
platform	O
to	O
deliver	O
HD	B-Device
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
Romania	O
is	O
using	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
as	O
terrestrial	O
standard	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
DVB-S/S2	O
,	O
and	O
DVB-C	B-Device
which	O
is	O
extremely	O
popular	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Romania	O
adopted	O
the	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
standard	O
in	O
2016	O
after	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
tests	O
with	O
mpeg2	B-Algorithm
,	O
mpeg4	O
on	O
DVB-T	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
today	O
fully	O
implemented	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-C	B-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
late	O
2005	O
,	O
still	O
remains	O
with	O
mpeg2	B-Algorithm
on	O
SD	O
content	O
and	O
mpeg4	O
on	O
HD	B-Device
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-S	O
(	O
introduced	O
in	O
2004	O
focus	O
sat	O
being	O
the	O
first	O
such	O
platform	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
basic	O
packages	O
with	O
standard	O
definition	O
content	O
,	O
while	O
DVB-S2	O
set	O
top	O
boxes	O
are	O
provided	O
for	O
both	O
SD	O
and	O
HD	B-Device
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fully	O
switched	O
to	O
digital	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
Russia	O
uses	O
the	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
standard	O
for	O
broadcasting	O
2	O
channel	O
packs	O
with	O
about	O
ten	O
main	O
national	O
radio	O
and	O
TV	O
channels	O
(	O
Channel	O
One	O
,	O
Rossiya	O
1/2/K/24	O
,	O
NTV	O
,	O
Radio	O
Mayak	O
,	O
Radio	O
Rossii	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Quiero	O
TV	O
started	O
digital	B-Application
terrestrial	I-Application
broadcasting	O
in	O
2000	O
as	O
pay	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
frequencies	O
used	O
by	O
Quiero	O
TV	O
were	O
used	O
from	O
2005	O
to	O
simulcast	O
free-to-air	O
analogue	O
broadcast	O
as	O
DVB-T	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
TDT	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
analogue	O
frequencies	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
channels	O
and	O
simulcast	O
some	O
of	O
them	O
in	O
HD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
January	O
1st	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
all	O
channels	O
will	O
be	O
required	O
to	O
broadcast	O
exclusively	O
in	O
HD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frequencies	O
of	O
SD	O
channels	O
will	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
simulcast	O
some	O
of	O
them	O
in	O
4K	O
using	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
UK	O
DVB-T	O
has	O
been	O
adopted	O
for	O
broadcast	O
of	O
standard	O
definition	O
terrestrial	O
programming	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
multiplex	O
for	O
high-definition	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
channels	O
are	O
available	O
free-to-air	O
through	O
the	O
Freeview	B-Device
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB-T	O
was	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
now-defunct	O
ONDigital/ITV	O
Digital	O
and	O
Top	O
Up	O
TV	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
satellite	B-Application
programming	O
(	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
is	O
available	O
free-to-air	O
via	O
Freesat	O
or	O
free-to-view	O
via	O
Freesat	B-Application
from	I-Application
Sky	I-Application
;	O
the	O
remainder	O
requires	O
a	O
subscription	O
to	O
Sky	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
broadcast	O
using	O
either	O
DVB-S	O
or	O
DVB-S2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subscription-based	O
cable	O
television	O
from	O
Virgin	O
Media	O
uses	O
DVB-C	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
DVB-S	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
encoding	O
and	O
video	O
compression	O
of	O
digital	O
satellite	B-Application
communications	O
alongside	O
Hughes	B-Device
DSS	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
Motorola	O
's	O
DigiCipher	B-Device
2	I-Device
standard	O
,	O
DVB	B-Application
has	O
a	O
wider	O
adoption	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
receivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Terrestrial	B-Application
digital	I-Application
television	I-Application
broadcasts	O
in	O
Canada	O
,	O
Mexico	O
,	O
El	O
Salvador	O
,	O
Honduras	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
use	O
ATSC	B-Device
encoding	O
with	O
8VSB	B-Device
modulation	B-Application
instead	O
of	O
DVB-T	O
with	O
COFDM	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Television	O
newsgathering	O
links	O
from	O
mobile	O
vans	O
to	O
central	O
receive	O
points	O
(	O
often	O
on	O
mountaintops	O
or	O
tall	O
buildings	O
)	O
use	O
DVB-T	O
with	O
COFDM	B-Protocol
in	O
the	O
2GHz	O
frequency	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Australia	O
,	O
DVB	B-Application
broadcasting	O
is	O
marketed	O
under	O
the	O
Freeview	B-Device
brand	O
name	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
recently	O
'	O
Freeview	B-Device
Plus	O
 '	O
,	O
denoting	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
online	O
HbbTV	B-Device
and	O
EPG	B-Device
in	O
certain	O
DVB	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regular	O
broadcasts	O
began	O
in	O
January	O
2001	O
using	O
MPEG	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
video	O
and	O
MPEG	O
1	O
audio	O
in	O
SD	O
and	O
HD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Changes	O
to	O
broadcasting	O
rules	O
have	O
enabled	O
broadcasters	O
to	O
offer	O
multi-channeling	O
,	O
prompting	O
broadcasters	O
to	O
use	O
H.264	B-Application
video	O
with	O
MPEG	O
1	O
or	O
AAC	O
audio	O
encoding	O
for	O
some	O
secondary	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifications	O
for	O
HD	B-Device
channels	O
now	O
differ	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
broadcaster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seven	O
and	O
SBS	O
use	O
1440x1080i	O
MPEG	B-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
video	O
with	O
Dolby	O
Digital	O
and	O
MPEG	O
1	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
New	O
Zealand	O
,	O
DVB	B-Application
broadcasting	O
is	O
marketed	O
under	O
the	O
Freeview	B-Device
brand	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SD	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
DVB-S	O
broadcasts	O
via	O
satellite	B-Application
began	O
on	O
2	O
May	O
2007	O
and	O
DVB-T	O
(	O
terrestrial	O
)	O
broadcasts	O
began	O
April	O
2008	O
broadcasting	O
in	O
HD	B-Device
H.264	B-Application
video	O
with	O
HE-AAC	O
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2008	O
,	O
Colombia	O
has	O
adopted	O
as	O
a	O
public	O
policy	O
the	O
decision	O
to	O
migrate	O
from	O
the	O
analog	O
television	O
implemented	O
in	O
1954	O
to	O
Digital	B-Application
Terrestrial	I-Application
Television	I-Application
(	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
measure	O
allows	O
the	O
viewers	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
open	O
television	O
(	O
OTA	O
)	O
of	O
public	O
and	O
private	O
channels	O
,	O
with	O
video	O
quality	O
in	O
HD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Companies	O
that	O
manufacture	O
a	O
product	O
which	O
is	O
compliant	O
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
DVB	B-Application
standards	I-Application
have	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
registering	O
a	O
declaration	O
of	O
conformity	O
for	O
that	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wherever	O
the	O
DVB	B-Application
trademark	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
relation	O
to	O
a	O
product	O
–	O
be	O
it	O
a	O
broadcast	O
,	O
a	O
service	O
,	O
an	O
application	O
or	O
equipment	O
–	O
the	O
product	O
must	O
be	O
registered	O
with	O
the	O
DVB	B-Application
project	I-Application
office	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
international	O
standards	O
for	O
digital	O
broadcasting	O
and	O
reception	O
include	O
ATSC	B-Device
,	O
originally	O
from	O
the	O
USA	O
,	O
and	O
ISDB	B-Protocol
,	O
originally	O
from	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
