<s>
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
Protocol	O
(	O
D7A	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
wireless	O
sensor	O
and	O
actuator	O
network	O
protocol	O
,	O
which	O
operates	O
in	O
the	O
433MHz	O
,	O
868MHz	O
and	O
915MHz	O
unlicensed	O
ISM	O
band/SRD	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH7	B-Device
provides	O
multi-year	O
battery	O
life	O
,	O
range	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
2km	O
,	O
low	O
latency	O
for	O
connecting	O
with	O
moving	O
things	O
,	O
a	O
very	O
small	O
open-source	O
protocol	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
,	O
AES	O
128-bit	O
shared-key	O
encryption	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
transfer	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
167kbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
Protocol	O
is	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
promoted	O
by	O
the	O
non-profit	O
consortium	O
called	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
Protocol	O
originates	O
from	O
the	O
ISO/IEC	O
18000-7	O
standard	O
describing	O
a	O
433MHz	O
ISM	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
air	O
interface	O
for	O
active	O
RFID	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
re-purposed	O
the	O
original	O
18000-7	O
technology	O
in	O
2011	O
and	O
made	O
it	O
evolve	O
toward	O
a	O
wireless	O
sensor	O
network	O
technology	O
for	O
commercial	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
Protocol	O
covers	O
all	O
sub-GHz	O
ISM	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
,	O
making	O
it	O
available	O
globally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
protocol	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
compliant	O
with	O
the	O
ISO/IEC18000	O
-7	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
announced	O
the	O
largest	O
RFID	B-Application
award	O
in	O
history	O
,	O
a	O
$429million	O
contract	O
for	O
DASH7	B-Device
devices	O
,	O
to	O
four	O
prime	O
contractors	O
,	O
namely	O
Savi	O
Technology	O
,	O
Northrop	O
Grumman	O
Information	O
Technology	O
,	O
Unisys	O
and	O
Systems	O
&	O
Processes	O
Engineering	O
Corp	O
.	O
(	O
SPEC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
,	O
a	O
non-profit	O
industry	O
consortium	O
to	O
promote	O
interoperability	O
among	O
DASH7-compliant	O
devices	O
,	O
was	O
announced	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
of	O
July	O
2010	O
has	O
more	O
than	O
50	O
participants	O
in	O
23	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
adoption	O
of	O
DASH7	B-Device
Mode2	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
ISO18000-7	O
standard	O
that	O
makes	O
better	O
use	O
of	O
modern	O
silicon	O
to	O
achieve	O
faster	O
throughput	O
,	O
multi-hop	O
,	O
lower	O
latency	O
,	O
better	O
security	O
,	O
sensor	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
built-in	O
query	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
that	O
it	O
was	O
making	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Mode2	O
specification	O
available	O
to	O
non-members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
announced	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
Protocol	O
Draft0.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
v1.0	O
of	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
Protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
publicly	O
released	O
the	O
v1.1	O
of	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
Protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Networks	O
based	O
on	O
DASH7	B-Device
differ	O
from	O
typical	O
wire-line	O
and	O
wireless	O
networks	O
utilizing	O
a	O
"	O
session	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH7	B-Device
networks	O
serve	O
applications	O
in	O
which	O
low	O
power	O
usage	O
is	O
essential	O
and	O
data	O
transmission	O
is	O
typically	O
much	O
slower	O
and/or	O
sporadic	O
,	O
like	O
basic	O
telemetry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
replicating	O
a	O
wire-line	O
"	O
session	O
"	O
,	O
DASH7	B-Device
was	O
designed	O
with	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
B.L.A.S.T.	O
</s>
<s>
Asynchronous	O
:	O
DASH7	B-Device
's	O
main	O
method	O
of	O
communication	O
is	O
by	O
command	O
–	O
response	O
,	O
which	O
by	O
design	O
requires	O
no	O
periodic	O
network	O
"	O
hand-shaking	O
"	O
or	O
synchronization	O
between	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stealth	O
:	O
DASH7	B-Device
devices	O
does	O
not	O
need	O
periodic	O
beaconing	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
respond	O
in	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transitive	O
:	O
A	O
DASH7	B-Device
system	O
of	O
devices	O
is	O
inherently	O
mobile	O
or	O
transitional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
other	O
wireless	O
technologies	O
,	O
DASH7	B-Device
is	O
upload-centric	O
,	O
not	O
download-centric	O
,	O
thus	O
devices	O
do	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
managed	O
extensively	O
by	O
fixed	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
i.e.	O
,	O
base	O
stations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
most	O
active	O
RFID	B-Application
or	O
LPWAN	B-General_Concept
technologies	O
,	O
DASH7	B-Device
supports	O
tag-to-tag	O
communications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Localization	O
techniques	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
DASH7	B-Device
endpoints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
accuracy	O
of	O
1m	O
using	O
DASH7	B-Device
beacons	O
at	O
433MHz	O
has	O
been	O
achieved	O
in	O
a	O
lab	O
experiment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH7	B-Device
supports	O
a	O
built-in	O
query	O
protocol	O
that	O
minimizes	O
"	O
round	O
trips	O
"	O
for	O
most	O
messaging	O
applications	O
that	O
results	O
in	O
lower	O
latency	O
and	O
higher	O
network	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH7	B-Device
provides	O
a	O
link	O
budget	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
140dB	O
with	O
27dBm	O
transmission	O
power	O
,	O
which	O
positions	O
the	O
technology	O
as	O
medium-range	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
short-range	O
(	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
...	O
)	O
and	O
long-range	O
(	O
LoRaWAN	O
,	O
SigFox	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
context	O
,	O
DASH7	B-Device
is	O
a	O
very	O
good	O
compromise	O
between	O
range	O
,	O
power	O
consumption	O
,	O
and	O
bi-directionality	O
and	O
is	O
very	O
suitable	O
for	O
industrial	O
applications	O
with	O
effective	O
range	O
of	O
100	O
to	O
500m	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
line-of-sight	O
situations	O
,	O
DASH7	B-Device
devices	O
today	O
advertise	O
read	O
ranges	O
of	O
1kilometer	O
or	O
more	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
ranges	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
10km	O
have	O
been	O
tested	O
by	O
Savi	O
Technology	O
and	O
are	O
easily	O
achievable	O
in	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
,	O
where	O
governmental	O
regulations	O
are	O
less	O
constrained	O
than	O
in	O
the	O
USA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
is	O
currently	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
certification	O
program	O
that	O
functionally	O
tests	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
policy	O
does	O
not	O
allow	O
to	O
add	O
proprietary	O
or	O
licensable	O
modulation	O
techniques	O
in	O
the	O
official	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
Protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
layered	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
protocol	O
allows	O
simple	O
integration	O
of	O
alternative	O
modulations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
LoRa	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
network	B-Application
layer	I-Application
(	O
D7ANL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
other	O
networking	O
technologies	O
that	O
began	O
with	O
the	O
defense	O
sector	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
the	O
Defense	O
Advanced	O
Research	O
Projects	O
Agency	O
(	O
DARPA	O
)	O
funding	O
ARPANET	O
,	O
the	O
precursor	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
DASH7	B-Device
is	O
similarly	O
suited	O
to	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
in	O
development	O
or	O
being	O
deployed	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Building	O
automation	O
,	O
access	O
control	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
energy	I-Device
—	O
DASH7	B-Device
's	O
signal	O
propagation	O
characteristics	O
allow	O
it	O
to	O
penetrate	O
walls	O
,	O
windows	O
,	O
doors	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
substances	O
that	O
serve	O
as	O
impediments	O
to	O
other	O
technologies	O
operating	O
at	O
2.45GHz	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
smart	B-Device
energy	I-Device
and	O
building	O
automation	O
applications	O
,	O
DASH7	B-Device
networks	O
can	O
be	O
deployed	O
with	O
far	O
less	O
infrastructure	O
than	O
competing	O
technologies	O
and	O
at	O
far	O
lower	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
—	O
DASH7	B-Device
is	O
being	O
used	O
today	O
for	O
developing	O
new	O
location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
using	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
DASH7-enabled	O
devices	O
,	O
including	O
smartcards	O
,	O
keyfobs	O
,	O
tickets	O
,	O
watches	O
and	O
other	O
conventional	O
products	O
that	O
can	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
unique	O
small	O
footprint	O
,	O
low	O
power	O
,	O
long	O
range	O
,	O
and	O
low	O
cost	O
of	O
DASH7	B-Device
relative	O
to	O
less	O
practical	O
and	O
high-power	O
wireless	O
technologies	O
like	O
Wi-Fi	O
or	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
DASH7	B-Device
,	O
users	O
can	O
to	O
venues	O
in	O
ways	O
not	O
practical	O
with	O
current	O
check-in	O
technologies	O
like	O
GPS	O
,	O
that	O
are	O
power-intensive	O
and	O
fail	O
indoors	O
and	O
in	O
urban	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location-based	B-Application
services	I-Application
like	O
Foursquare	O
,	O
Novitaz	O
,	O
or	O
Facebook	O
can	O
exploit	O
this	O
capability	O
in	O
DASH7	B-Device
and	O
award	O
loyalty	O
points	O
,	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
view	O
the	O
Facebook	O
or	O
Twitter	O
addresses	O
of	O
those	O
walking	O
past	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
advertising	O
—	O
DASH7	B-Device
is	O
being	O
developed	O
for	O
and	O
kiosks	O
,	O
likewise	O
"	O
smart	O
"	O
posters	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
ready	O
from	O
many	O
meters	O
(	O
or	O
even	O
kilometers	O
)	O
away	O
,	O
creating	O
new	O
opportunities	O
for	O
both	O
tracking	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
advertising	O
expenditures	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
creating	O
new	O
e-commerce	O
opportunities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automotive	O
—	O
DASH7	B-Device
is	O
increasingly	O
seen	O
as	O
the	O
next-generation	O
tire-pressure	O
monitoring	O
system	O
(	O
TPMS	O
)	O
,	O
given	O
its	O
operation	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
frequency	O
(	O
433MHz	O
)	O
as	O
nearly	O
all	O
proprietary	O
TPMS	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH7-based	O
TPMS	O
will	O
provide	O
end	O
users	O
with	O
more	O
accurate	O
tire	O
pressure	O
readings	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
greater	O
fuel	O
economy	O
,	O
reduced	O
tire	O
wear	O
,	O
and	O
greater	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH7	B-Device
products	O
are	O
also	O
being	O
designed	O
and	O
used	O
for	O
other	O
automotive	O
applications	O
like	O
supply	O
chain	O
visibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logistics	O
—	O
DASH7	B-Device
is	O
being	O
used	O
today	O
for	O
tracking	O
the	O
whereabouts	O
of	O
shipping	O
containers	O
,	O
pallets	O
,	O
roll	O
cages	O
,	O
trucks	O
,	O
rail	O
cars	O
,	O
maritime	O
vessels	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
supply	O
chain	O
assets	O
,	O
providing	O
businesses	O
with	O
unprecedented	O
visibility	O
into	O
their	O
everyday	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
whereby	O
DASH7	B-Device
is	O
used	O
for	O
monitoring	O
the	O
in-transit	O
temperature	O
and	O
other	O
environmental	O
factors	O
that	O
can	O
adversely	O
affect	O
the	O
integrity	O
of	O
sensitive	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
is	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
reference	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH7	B-Device
Mode	O
2	O
developers	O
benefit	O
from	O
the	O
open-source	O
firmware	O
library	O
called	O
OpenTag	B-Device
,	O
which	O
provides	O
developers	O
with	O
a	O
"	O
C	O
"	O
-based	O
environment	O
in	O
which	O
to	O
develop	O
DASH7	B-Device
applications	O
quickly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
DASH7	B-Device
(	O
ISO18000-7	O
)	O
being	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
,	O
ISO	O
standard	O
,	O
OpenTag	B-Device
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
stack	O
that	O
is	O
quite	O
unique	O
relative	O
to	O
other	O
wireless	O
sensor	O
networking	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
ZigBee	O
)	O
and	O
active	O
RFID	B-Application
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
OpenTag	B-Device
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
project	O
,	O
people	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
it	O
free	O
of	O
charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
August	O
2015	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
evidence	O
to	O
suggest	O
that	O
OpenTag	B-Device
bears	O
a	O
royalty	O
,	O
although	O
current	O
versions	O
of	O
do	O
include	O
a	O
provision	O
permitting	O
RAND	O
licensing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DASH7	B-Device
developers	O
receive	O
support	O
from	O
the	O
semiconductor	O
industry	O
including	O
multiple	O
options	O
,	O
with	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
,	O
ST	O
Microelectronics	O
,	O
Silicon	O
Labs	O
,	O
Semtech	O
and	O
Analog	O
Devices	O
all	O
offering	O
DASH7-enabled	O
hardware	O
development	O
kits	O
or	O
system-on-a-chip	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
companies	O
are	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
DASH7	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
to	O
produce	O
DASH7-compliant	O
hardware	O
products	O
:	O
</s>
