<s>
The	O
D-subminiature	B-Protocol
or	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
common	O
type	O
of	O
electrical	B-Protocol
connector	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
they	O
were	O
introduced	O
,	O
D-subs	B-Protocol
were	O
among	O
the	O
smallest	O
connectors	O
used	O
on	O
computer	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
contains	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
parallel	B-Device
rows	O
of	O
pins	O
or	O
sockets	O
usually	O
surrounded	O
by	O
a	O
D-shaped	O
metal	O
shield	O
that	O
provides	O
mechanical	O
support	O
,	O
ensures	O
correct	O
orientation	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
screen	O
against	O
electromagnetic	O
interference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D-sub	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
have	O
gender	O
:	O
parts	O
with	O
pin	O
contacts	O
are	O
called	O
male	O
connectors	O
or	O
plugs	B-Protocol
,	O
while	O
those	O
with	O
socket	O
contacts	O
are	O
called	O
female	O
connectors	O
or	O
sockets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
series	O
of	O
connectors	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Cannon	O
in	O
1952	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
DB-25	B-Protocol
denotes	O
a	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
with	O
a	O
25-position	O
shell	O
size	O
and	O
a	O
25-position	O
contact	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
added	O
extra	O
pins	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
shell	O
sizes	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
names	O
follow	O
the	O
same	O
pattern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
DE-15	O
,	O
usually	O
found	O
in	O
VGA	B-Protocol
cables	I-Protocol
,	O
has	O
15	O
pins	O
in	O
three	O
rows	O
,	O
all	O
surrounded	O
by	O
an	O
E	O
size	O
shell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
connectors	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
pin	O
spacing	O
are	O
the	O
DA-26	B-Protocol
,	O
DB-44	O
,	O
DC-62	O
,	O
DD-78	O
and	O
DF-104	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
all	O
have	O
three	O
rows	O
of	O
pins	O
,	O
except	O
the	O
DD-78	O
which	O
has	O
four	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
DF-104	B-Protocol
which	O
has	O
five	O
rows	O
in	O
a	O
new	O
,	O
larger	O
shell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
double	O
density	O
series	O
of	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
features	O
even	O
denser	O
arrangements	O
and	O
consists	O
of	O
the	O
DE-19	O
,	O
DA-31	O
,	O
DB-52	O
,	O
DC-79	O
,	O
and	O
DD-100	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
personal	O
computers	O
first	O
used	O
DB-25	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
for	O
their	O
serial	B-Protocol
and	O
parallel	B-Device
ports	I-Device
,	O
when	O
the	O
PC	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
began	O
to	O
use	O
9-pin	O
connectors	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
often	O
labeled	O
as	O
DB-9	O
instead	O
of	O
DE-9	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
,	O
due	O
to	O
an	O
ignorance	O
of	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
B	O
represented	O
a	O
shell	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
now	O
common	O
to	O
see	O
DE-9	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
sold	O
as	O
DB-9	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
non-standard	O
23-pin	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
for	O
external	O
floppy	B-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
video	O
output	O
on	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
usually	O
labeled	O
DB-23	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
their	O
shell	O
size	O
is	O
two	O
pins	O
smaller	O
than	O
ordinary	O
DB	O
sockets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
computers	O
also	O
used	O
a	O
non-standard	O
19-pin	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
connector	I-Protocol
,	O
sometimes	O
called	O
DB-19	O
,	O
including	O
Macintosh	B-Device
(	O
external	O
floppy	B-Device
drive	I-Device
)	O
,	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
(	O
external	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
)	O
,	O
and	O
NeXT	O
(	O
Megapixel	B-Device
Display	I-Device
monitor	O
and	O
laser	O
printer	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reflecting	O
the	O
same	O
confusion	O
of	O
the	O
letters	O
DB	O
with	O
just	O
D	O
as	O
mentioned	O
above	O
,	O
high	O
density	O
connectors	O
are	O
also	O
often	O
called	O
DB-15HD	O
(	O
or	O
even	O
DB-15	B-Protocol
or	O
HD-15	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
DB-26HD	O
(	O
HD-26	O
)	O
,	O
DB-44HD	O
,	O
DB-62HD	O
,	O
and	O
DB-78HD	O
connectors	O
,	O
respectively	O
,	O
where	O
HD	O
stands	O
for	O
high	O
density	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cannon	O
also	O
produced	O
combo	O
D-subs	B-Protocol
with	O
larger	O
contacts	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
normal	O
contacts	O
,	O
for	O
use	O
for	O
high-current	O
,	O
high-voltage	O
,	O
or	O
co-axial	O
inserts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DB-13W3	B-Protocol
variant	O
was	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
high-performance	O
video	O
connections	O
;	O
this	O
variant	O
provided	O
10	O
regular	O
(	O
#20	O
)	O
pins	O
plus	O
three	O
coaxial	O
contacts	O
for	O
the	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
and	O
blue	O
video	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Combo	O
D-subs	B-Protocol
are	O
currently	O
manufactured	O
in	O
a	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
configurations	O
by	O
other	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
further	O
family	O
of	O
connectors	O
of	O
similar	O
appearance	O
to	O
the	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
family	O
uses	O
names	O
such	O
as	O
HD-50	O
and	O
HD-68	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
D-shaped	O
shell	O
about	O
half	O
the	O
width	O
of	O
a	O
DB25	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
common	O
in	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
attachments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
are	O
now	O
defined	O
by	O
an	O
international	O
standard	O
,	O
IEC	O
60807-3	O
/	O
DIN41652	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
United	O
States	O
military	O
also	O
maintains	O
another	O
specification	O
for	O
D-subminiature	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
MIL-DTL-24308	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smaller	O
connectors	O
have	O
been	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
including	O
the	O
microminiature	O
D	O
(	O
micro-D	O
)	O
and	O
nanominiature	O
D	O
(	O
nano-D	O
)	O
which	O
are	O
trademarks	O
of	O
ITT	O
Cannon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Micro-D	O
is	O
about	O
half	O
the	O
length	O
of	O
a	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
and	O
Nano-D	O
is	O
about	O
half	O
the	O
length	O
of	O
Micro-D	O
.	O
Their	O
primary	O
applications	O
are	O
in	O
military	O
and	O
space-grade	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
widest	O
application	O
of	O
D-subs	B-Protocol
is	O
for	O
RS-232	O
serial	B-Protocol
communications	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
standard	O
did	O
not	O
make	O
this	O
connector	O
mandatory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RS-232	O
devices	O
originally	O
used	O
the	O
DB25	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
for	O
many	O
applications	O
the	O
less	O
common	O
signals	O
were	O
omitted	O
,	O
allowing	O
a	O
DE-9	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
Apple	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
models	O
used	O
DE-9	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
for	O
RS-422	O
multi-drop	O
serial	B-Protocol
interfaces	I-Protocol
(	O
which	O
can	O
operate	O
as	O
RS-232	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
Macintosh	B-Device
models	O
use	O
8-pin	O
miniature	B-Protocol
DIN	I-Protocol
connectors	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
PCs	O
,	O
25-pin	O
and	O
(	O
beginning	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
PC/AT	I-Operating_System
)	O
9-pin	O
plugs	B-Protocol
were	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
RS-232	O
serial	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
;	O
25-pin	O
sockets	O
were	O
used	O
for	O
parallel	B-Device
ports	I-Device
(	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
Centronics	B-Device
port	I-Device
found	O
on	O
the	O
printer	O
itself	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
inconveniently	O
large	O
for	O
direct	O
placement	O
on	O
the	O
expansion	O
cards	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
uninterruptible	O
power	O
supply	O
units	O
have	O
a	O
DE-9F	O
connector	O
on	O
them	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
signal	B-Operating_System
to	O
the	O
attached	O
computer	O
via	O
an	O
RS-232	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DE9	O
connectors	O
were	O
used	O
for	O
some	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
networks	I-Device
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Attachment	B-Protocol
Unit	I-Protocol
Interfaces	I-Protocol
that	O
were	O
used	O
with	O
10BASE5	O
thick	O
net	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
used	O
DA-15	B-Protocol
connectors	O
for	O
connectivity	O
between	O
the	O
Medium	B-Protocol
Attachment	I-Protocol
Units	I-Protocol
and	O
(	O
Ethernet	O
)	O
network	B-Protocol
interface	I-Protocol
cards	I-Protocol
,	O
albeit	O
with	O
a	O
sliding	O
latch	O
to	O
lock	O
the	O
connectors	O
together	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
usual	O
hex	O
studs	O
with	O
threaded	O
holes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DE-9	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
Controller	B-Protocol
Area	I-Protocol
Network	I-Protocol
(	O
CAN	O
)	O
:	O
female	O
connectors	O
are	O
on	O
the	O
bus	O
while	O
male	O
connectors	O
are	O
on	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
female	O
9-pin	O
connector	O
on	O
an	O
IBM	O
compatible	O
personal	O
computer	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
video	O
display	O
output	O
such	O
as	O
MDA	B-Device
,	O
Hercules	B-Device
,	O
CGA	B-Device
,	O
or	O
EGA	B-Device
(	O
rarely	O
VGA	B-Protocol
or	O
others	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
9-pin	O
connector	O
pinouts	B-Application
Adaptor	O
MDA	B-Device
CGA	B-Device
EGA	B-Device
Pin	B-Protocol
1	I-Protocol
Ground	O
Ground	O
Ground	O
Pin	O
2	O
Ground	O
Ground	O
+	O
Secondary	O
Red	O
(	O
Intensity	O
)	O
Pin	O
3	O
+	O
Red	O
+	O
Red	O
Pin	O
4	O
+	O
Green	O
+	O
Green	O
Pin	O
5	O
+	O
Blue	O
+	O
Blue	O
Pin	O
6	O
+	O
Intensity	O
+	O
Intensity	O
+	O
Secondary	O
Green	O
(	O
Intensity	O
)	O
Pin	O
7	O
+	O
Video	O
Reserved	O
+	O
Secondary	O
Blue	O
(	O
Intensity	O
)	O
Pin	O
8	O
+	O
Horizontal	O
Sync	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
analog	O
video	O
(	O
VGA	B-Protocol
and	O
later	O
)	O
adapters	O
generally	O
replaced	O
these	O
connectors	O
with	O
DE-15	B-Protocol
high-density	I-Protocol
sockets	O
(	O
though	O
some	O
early	O
VGA	B-Protocol
devices	O
still	O
used	O
DE9	O
connectors	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Apple	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
models	O
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	O
,	O
used	O
DA-15	B-Protocol
sockets	O
for	O
analog	O
RGB	O
video	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earlier	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
used	O
the	O
same	O
connector	O
for	O
the	O
same	O
purpose	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
an	O
incompatible	O
pinout	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
digital	O
(	O
and	O
thus	O
also	O
incompatible	O
)	O
RGB	O
adapter	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
also	O
used	O
a	O
DA-15F	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
game	O
console	O
used	O
modified	O
DE9	O
connectors	O
(	O
male	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
female	O
on	O
the	O
cable	O
)	O
for	O
its	O
game	B-Device
controller	I-Device
connectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Atari	B-Protocol
joystick	I-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
had	O
bodies	O
entirely	O
of	O
molded	O
plastic	O
without	O
the	O
metal	O
shield	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
omitted	O
the	O
pair	O
of	O
fastening	O
screws	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
years	O
following	O
,	O
various	O
video	O
game	O
consoles	O
and	O
home	O
computers	O
adopted	O
the	O
same	O
connector	O
for	O
their	O
own	O
game	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
,	O
though	O
they	O
were	O
not	O
all	O
interoperable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
wiring	O
supported	O
five	O
digital	O
connections	O
(	O
for	O
up	O
,	O
down	O
,	O
left	O
,	O
and	O
right	O
movement	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
fire	O
button	O
)	O
,	O
plus	O
one	O
pair	O
of	O
analog	O
100	O
kΩ	O
potentiometers	O
or	O
paddles	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
computers	O
supported	O
additional	O
buttons	O
,	O
and	O
on	O
some	O
computers	O
,	O
additional	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
,	O
a	O
light	B-Device
pen	I-Device
,	O
or	O
a	O
graphics	B-Device
tablet	I-Device
were	O
also	O
supported	O
via	O
the	O
game	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
basic	O
one-button	O
digital	O
joysticks	B-Device
and	O
the	O
basic	O
paddles	B-Device
,	O
such	O
devices	O
were	O
not	O
typically	O
interchangeable	O
between	O
different	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Systems	O
utilizing	O
the	O
DE9	O
connector	O
for	O
their	O
game	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
included	O
the	O
TI-99/4A	B-Device
;	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
family	I-Device
and	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
;	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
7800	I-General_Concept
;	O
the	O
VIC-20	B-Device
,	O
Commodore	O
64	O
,	O
Commodore	B-Device
128	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
;	O
the	O
Amstrad	B-Device
CPC	I-Device
(	O
which	O
employed	O
daisy-chaining	O
when	O
connecting	O
two	O
Amstrad-specific	O
joysticks	B-Device
)	O
;	O
the	O
MSX	B-Operating_System
,	O
X68000	B-Device
,	O
and	O
FM	B-Device
Towns	I-Device
,	O
predominantly	O
used	O
in	O
Japan	O
;	O
the	O
ColecoVision	B-Device
;	O
the	O
early	O
Sega	O
platforms	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
SG-1000	B-Operating_System
,	O
Master	O
System	O
and	O
Mega	B-Operating_System
Drive/Genesis	I-Operating_System
)	O
;	O
and	O
the	O
3DO	B-Device
Interactive	I-Device
Multiplayer	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
lacked	O
a	O
built-in	O
joystick	B-Device
connector	O
of	O
any	O
kind	O
but	O
aftermarket	O
interfaces	O
provided	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
connect	O
DE9	O
joysticks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
PC-88	B-Device
,	O
PC-98	B-Operating_System
)	O
also	O
used	O
DE9	O
connectors	O
for	O
game	B-Device
controllers	I-Device
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
sound	B-Device
card	I-Device
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
computers	O
also	O
use	O
DE9	O
connectors	O
for	O
joysticks	B-Device
,	O
but	O
they	O
have	O
a	O
female	O
port	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
and	O
a	O
male	O
on	O
the	O
controller	O
,	O
use	O
analog	O
rather	O
than	O
digital	O
sticks	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
pinout	B-Application
is	O
completely	O
unlike	O
that	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DE9	O
connectors	O
were	O
not	O
used	O
for	O
game	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
on	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
Apple	B-Device
III	I-Device
,	O
IBM	O
PC	O
compatible	O
systems	O
,	O
or	O
most	O
game	O
consoles	O
outside	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sega	O
switched	O
to	O
proprietary	O
controller	O
ports	O
for	O
the	O
Saturn	B-Device
and	O
Dreamcast	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
DA-15S	B-Protocol
connectors	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
PC	O
joystick	B-Device
connectors	O
,	O
where	O
each	O
DA-15	B-Protocol
connector	O
supports	O
two	O
joysticks	B-Device
each	O
with	O
two	O
analog	O
axes	O
and	O
two	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
one	O
DA-15S	B-Protocol
game	O
adapter	O
connector	O
has	O
4	O
analog	O
potentiometer	O
inputs	O
and	O
4	O
digital	O
switch	O
inputs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
joysticks	B-Device
with	O
more	O
than	O
two	O
axes	O
or	O
more	O
than	O
two	O
buttons	O
use	O
the	O
signals	O
designated	O
for	O
both	O
joysticks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
Y-adapter	O
cables	O
are	O
available	O
that	O
allow	O
two	O
separate	O
joysticks	B-Device
to	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
DA-15	B-Protocol
game	O
adapter	O
port	O
;	O
if	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
connected	O
to	O
one	O
of	O
these	O
Y-adapters	O
has	O
more	O
than	O
two	O
axes	O
or	O
buttons	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
first	O
two	O
of	O
each	O
will	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
DA-15	B-Protocol
PC	O
game	O
connector	O
has	O
been	O
modified	O
to	O
add	O
a	O
(	O
usually	O
MPU-401	O
compatible	O
)	O
MIDI	O
interface	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
is	O
often	O
implemented	O
in	O
the	O
game	O
connectors	O
on	O
third-party	O
sound	B-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Sound	B-Application
Blaster	I-Application
line	O
from	O
Creative	O
Labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
straight	O
game	O
adapter	O
connector	O
(	O
introduced	O
by	O
IBM	O
)	O
has	O
three	O
ground	O
pins	O
and	O
four	O
+5	O
V	O
power	O
pins	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
MIDI	O
adaptation	O
replaces	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
grounds	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
+5	O
V	O
pins	O
,	O
both	O
on	O
the	O
bottom	O
row	O
of	O
pins	O
,	O
with	O
MIDI	O
In	O
and	O
MIDI	O
Out	O
signal	B-Operating_System
pins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Neo	B-Application
Geo	I-Application
AES	I-Application
game	O
console	O
also	O
used	O
the	O
DA-15	B-Protocol
connector	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
pins	O
are	O
wired	O
differently	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
therefore	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
regular	O
DA-15	B-Protocol
PC	O
game	B-Device
controllers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nintendo	O
Famicom	O
's	O
controllers	O
were	O
hardwired	O
but	O
also	O
included	O
a	O
DA-15	B-Protocol
expansion	O
port	O
for	O
additional	O
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
clones	B-Operating_System
of	O
the	O
hardware	O
used	O
a	O
DA-15	B-Protocol
which	O
implemented	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
Famicom	O
's	O
Expansion	O
Port	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
therefore	O
compatible	O
with	O
some	O
Famicom	O
accessories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
clones	B-Operating_System
switched	O
to	O
the	O
cheaper	O
DE9	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
5200	I-General_Concept
also	O
used	O
a	O
DA-15	B-Protocol
instead	O
of	O
the	O
DE9	O
of	O
its	O
predecessor	O
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
matrix	O
for	O
the	O
keypad	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Atari	B-Device
Falcon	I-Device
,	O
Atari	O
STe	O
and	O
Atari	B-Device
Jaguar	I-Device
used	O
a	O
DE-15	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Fairchild	O
Channel	O
F	O
System	O
II	O
used	O
a	O
DE-9	O
for	O
its	O
detachable	O
Joystick	B-Device
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
25-pin	O
sockets	O
on	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	I-Device
are	O
typically	O
single-ended	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
connectors	O
,	O
combining	O
all	O
signal	B-Operating_System
returns	O
into	O
one	O
contact	O
(	O
again	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
Centronics	O
C50	O
connector	O
typically	O
found	O
on	O
the	O
peripheral	O
,	O
supplying	O
a	O
separate	O
return	O
contact	O
for	O
each	O
signal	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
while	O
older	O
Sun	O
hardware	O
uses	O
DD50	O
connectors	O
for	O
Fast-SCSI	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
variants	O
from	O
Ultra2	O
onwards	O
used	O
differential	O
signaling	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
DB25	B-Protocol
SCSI	B-Architecture
interface	O
became	O
obsolete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
complete	O
range	O
of	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
also	O
includes	O
DA-15s	B-Protocol
(	O
one	O
row	O
of	O
7	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
8	O
)	O
,	O
DC-37s	B-Protocol
(	O
one	O
row	O
of	O
18	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
19	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
DD50s	O
(	O
two	O
rows	O
of	O
17	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
16	O
)	O
;	O
these	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
in	O
industrial	O
products	O
,	O
the	O
15-way	O
version	O
being	O
commonly	O
used	O
on	O
rotary	B-Algorithm
and	O
linear	B-Algorithm
encoders	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
late	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
computers	O
used	O
an	O
obscure	O
19-pin	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
for	O
connecting	O
external	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Atari	O
also	O
used	O
this	O
connector	O
on	O
their	O
16-bit	B-Device
computer	I-Device
range	O
for	O
attaching	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
the	O
Atari	O
laser	O
printer	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
was	O
known	O
as	O
both	O
the	O
ACSI	O
(	O
Atari	O
Computer	O
System	O
Interface	O
)	O
port	O
and	O
the	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
bus	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Commodore	B-Device
Amiga	I-Device
used	O
an	O
equally	O
unusual	O
23-pin	O
version	O
for	O
both	O
its	O
video	O
output	O
(	O
DB-23M	O
)	O
and	O
its	O
port	O
for	O
daisy-chaining	O
up	O
to	O
3	O
extra	O
external	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
DB-23F	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
professional	O
audio	O
,	O
several	O
connections	O
use	O
DB-25	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
:	O
</s>
<s>
TASCAM	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
are	O
using	O
a	O
connection	O
over	O
DB-25	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
standardized	O
into	O
AES59	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
connection	O
transports	O
AES3	O
digital	O
audio	O
or	O
analog	O
audio	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
pinout	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
TASCAM	O
initially	O
used	O
their	O
TDIF	O
connection	O
over	O
DB-25	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
for	O
their	O
multi-track	O
recording	O
audio	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Roland	O
used	O
DB-25	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
for	O
their	O
multi-track	O
recording	O
audio	O
equipment	O
(	O
R-BUS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
patch	B-Protocol
panels	I-Protocol
have	O
been	O
made	O
which	O
have	O
the	O
DB-25	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
on	O
the	O
back	O
with	O
phone	O
jacks	O
(	O
or	O
even	O
TRS	B-Device
phone	I-Device
connectors	I-Device
)	O
on	O
the	O
front	O
,	O
however	O
these	O
are	O
normally	O
wired	O
for	O
TASCAM	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
more	O
common	O
outside	O
of	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
and	O
professional	O
video	O
,	O
parallel	B-Device
digital	O
is	O
a	O
digital	O
video	O
interface	O
that	O
uses	O
DB-25	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
,	O
per	O
the	O
SMPTE	O
274M	O
specification	O
adopted	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
more	O
common	O
SMPTE	O
259M	O
serial	B-Protocol
digital	I-Protocol
interface	I-Protocol
(	O
SDI	O
)	O
uses	O
BNC	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
for	O
digital	O
video	O
signal	B-Operating_System
transfer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D-SUB	B-Protocol
37	O
connectors	O
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
Hospital	O
facilities	O
as	O
an	O
interface	O
between	O
hospital	O
beds	O
and	O
nurse	O
call	O
systems	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
the	O
connection	O
and	O
signaling	O
of	O
Nurse	O
Call	O
,	O
Bed	O
Exit	O
,	O
and	O
Cord	O
out	O
including	O
TV	O
entertainment	O
and	O
lighting	O
controls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DB-25	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
to	O
carry	O
analog	O
signals	O
for	O
beam	O
displacement	O
and	O
color	O
to	O
laser	O
projectors	O
,	O
as	O
specified	O
in	O
the	O
ISP-DB25	O
protocol	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
International	O
Laser	O
Display	O
Association	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
at	O
least	O
seven	O
different	O
methods	O
used	O
to	O
attach	O
wires	O
to	O
the	O
contacts	O
in	O
D-sub	B-Protocol
connectors	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Insulation	B-Protocol
displacement	I-Protocol
contacts	O
(	O
IDCs	B-Protocol
)	O
allow	O
a	O
ribbon	O
cable	O
to	O
be	O
forced	O
onto	O
sharp	O
tines	O
on	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
the	O
contacts	O
;	O
this	O
action	O
pierces	O
the	O
insulation	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
wires	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditionally	O
through	B-Algorithm
hole	I-Algorithm
plated	I-Algorithm
(	O
THP	O
)	O
board	O
style	O
pins	O
were	O
used	O
(	O
print	O
)	O
but	O
increasingly	O
gull-wing	O
surface	O
mount	O
(	O
SMD	O
)	O
connections	O
are	O
used	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
latter	O
frequently	O
exhibit	O
solder	O
pad	O
contact	O
problems	O
when	O
exposed	O
to	O
mechanical	O
stress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wire	O
wrap	O
and	O
IDC	B-Protocol
connections	O
styles	O
had	O
to	O
contend	O
with	O
incompatible	O
pin	O
spacing	O
to	O
the	O
ribbon	O
cable	O
or	O
proto	O
board	O
grid	O
,	O
especially	O
for	O
larger	O
pin	O
counts	O
.	O
</s>
