<s>
D-STAR	B-Protocol
(	O
Digital	B-Protocol
Smart	I-Protocol
Technologies	I-Protocol
for	I-Protocol
Amateur	I-Protocol
Radio	I-Protocol
)	O
is	O
a	O
digital	O
voice	O
and	O
data	O
protocol	O
specification	O
for	O
amateur	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
by	O
the	O
Japan	O
Amateur	O
Radio	O
League	O
and	O
uses	O
minimum-shift	B-Device
keying	I-Device
in	O
its	O
packet-based	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
other	O
digital	O
modes	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
adapted	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
amateurs	O
,	O
but	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
was	O
the	O
first	O
that	O
was	O
designed	O
specifically	O
for	O
amateur	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
advantages	O
of	O
using	O
digital	O
voice	O
modes	O
are	O
that	O
it	O
uses	O
less	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
than	O
older	O
analog	O
voice	O
modes	O
such	O
as	O
amplitude	B-Device
modulation	I-Device
and	O
frequency	B-Application
modulation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
D-STAR	B-Protocol
compatible	O
radios	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
HF	B-Algorithm
,	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
,	O
UHF	O
,	O
and	O
microwave	O
amateur	O
radio	O
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
over-the-air	O
protocol	O
,	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
also	O
provides	O
specifications	O
for	O
network	O
connectivity	O
,	O
enabling	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
radios	O
to	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
or	O
other	O
networks	O
,	O
allowing	O
streams	O
of	O
voice	O
or	O
packet	B-Protocol
data	I-Protocol
to	O
be	O
routed	B-Protocol
via	O
amateur	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D-STAR	B-Protocol
compatible	O
radios	O
are	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Icom	O
,	O
Kenwood	O
,	O
and	O
FlexRadio	O
Systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
was	O
published	O
as	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2003	O
Icom	O
named	O
Matt	O
Yellen	O
,	O
KB7TSE	O
(	O
now	O
K7DN	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
lead	O
its	O
US	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
development	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
April	O
2004	O
Icom	O
began	O
releasing	O
new	O
"	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
optional	O
"	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
followed	O
up	O
with	O
2	B-Algorithm
meter	I-Algorithm
and	O
440MHz	O
handheld	O
transceivers	O
the	O
next	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
released	O
UT-118	O
add-on	O
card	O
was	O
required	O
for	O
these	O
radios	O
to	O
operate	O
in	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
the	O
card	O
became	O
available	O
and	O
once	O
installed	O
into	O
the	O
radios	O
,	O
it	O
provided	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JARL	O
released	O
some	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
existing	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
standard	O
in	O
late	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ID-1	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
radio	O
that	O
provided	O
digital	O
data	O
(	O
DD	O
)	O
mode	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
satellite	B-Application
QSO	O
occurred	O
between	O
Michael	O
,	O
N3UC	O
,	O
FM-18	O
in	O
Haymarket	O
,	O
Virginia	O
and	O
Robin	O
,	O
AA4RC	O
,	O
EM-73	O
in	O
Atlanta	O
,	O
Georgia	O
while	O
working	O
AMSAT	O
's	O
AO-27	O
microsatellite	O
(	O
Miniaturized	O
satellite	B-Application
)	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
late	O
2009	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
around	O
10,800	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
users	O
talking	O
through	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeaters	O
with	O
Internet	O
connectivity	O
via	O
the	O
G2	O
Gateway	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
,	O
these	O
numbers	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
users	O
with	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
capabilities	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
within	O
range	O
of	O
a	O
repeater	O
,	O
or	O
working	O
through	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeaters	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
Internet	O
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
capable	O
microsatellite	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
early	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
is	O
to	O
develop	O
expertise	O
in	O
various	O
aspects	O
of	O
satellite	B-Application
design	O
and	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
satellite	B-Application
weighs	O
just	O
1	O
kilogram	O
and	O
utilizes	O
a	O
UHF	O
uplink	O
and	O
a	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
downlink	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
FlexRadio	O
Systems	O
added	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
support	O
to	O
their	O
line	O
of	O
HF	B-Algorithm
transceivers	O
and	O
receivers	O
via	O
a	O
software	O
upgrade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D-STAR	B-Protocol
support	O
requires	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
the	O
ThumbDV	O
device	O
from	O
NW	O
Digital	O
Radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
today	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
linking	O
repeaters	O
together	O
locally	O
and	O
through	O
the	O
Internet	O
utilizing	O
callsigns	O
for	O
routing	B-Protocol
of	O
traffic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Servers	O
are	O
linked	O
via	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
utilizing	O
proprietary	O
"	O
gateway	B-Application
"	O
software	O
,	O
available	O
from	O
Icom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
amateur	O
radio	O
operators	O
to	O
talk	O
to	O
any	O
other	O
amateurs	O
participating	O
in	O
a	O
particular	O
gateway	B-Application
"	O
trust	O
"	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
master	O
gateway	B-Application
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
is	O
operated	O
by	O
the	O
K5TIT	O
group	O
in	O
Texas	O
,	O
who	O
were	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
install	O
a	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeater	O
system	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
D-STAR	B-Protocol
transfers	O
both	O
voice	O
and	O
data	O
via	O
digital	O
encoding	O
over	O
the	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
(	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
70	B-Algorithm
cm	I-Algorithm
(	O
UHF	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
23	B-Algorithm
cm	I-Algorithm
(	O
1.2GHz	O
)	O
amateur	O
radio	O
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
Digital	O
Voice	O
protocol	O
standards	O
(	O
DV	O
)	O
,	O
voice	O
audio	O
is	O
encoded	O
as	O
a	O
3600	O
bit/s	O
data	O
stream	O
using	O
proprietary	O
AMBE	B-Language
encoding	O
,	O
with	O
1200	O
bit/s	O
FEC	O
,	O
leaving	O
1200	O
bit/s	O
for	O
an	O
additional	O
data	O
"	O
path	O
"	O
between	O
radios	O
utilizing	O
DV	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
air	O
bit	O
rates	O
for	O
DV	O
mode	O
are	O
4800	O
bit/s	O
over	O
the	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
,	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
and	O
23cm	B-Algorithm
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
digital	O
voice	O
mode	O
(	O
DV	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
Digital	O
Data	O
(	O
DD	O
)	O
mode	O
can	O
be	O
sent	O
at	O
128	O
kbit/s	O
only	O
on	O
the	O
23cm	B-Algorithm
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radios	O
providing	O
DV	O
data	O
service	O
within	O
the	O
low-speed	O
voice	O
protocol	O
variant	O
typically	O
use	O
an	O
RS-232	O
or	O
USB	B-Protocol
connection	O
for	O
low	O
speed	O
data	O
(	O
1200	O
bit/s	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
Icom	O
ID-1	O
and	O
IC-9700	O
radios	O
offer	O
a	O
standard	O
Ethernet	O
connection	O
for	O
high	O
speed	O
(	O
128	O
kbit/s	O
)	O
connections	O
on	O
the	O
23cm	B-Algorithm
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
gateway	B-Application
control	O
software	O
rs-rp2c	O
version	O
G2	O
,	O
more	O
commonly	O
called	O
"	O
Gateway	B-Application
2.0	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
most	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
distributions	O
should	O
be	O
suitable	O
,	O
the	O
recommended	O
configuration	O
uses	O
CentOS	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
5.1	O
with	O
the	O
latest	O
updates	O
,	O
typically	O
running	O
(	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
2.4.20	O
.	O
glibc	B-Language
2.3.2	O
and	O
BIND	O
9.2.1	O
or	O
later	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
should	O
be	O
two	O
network	B-Protocol
interface	I-Protocol
cards	I-Protocol
and	O
at	O
least	O
10	O
GB	O
free	O
of	O
hard	O
drive	O
space	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
OS	O
install	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
for	O
middleware	O
,	O
Apache	B-Application
2.0.59	O
,	O
Tomcat	B-Language
5.5.20	O
,	O
mod_jk2	O
2.0.4	O
,	O
OpenSSL	B-Language
0.9.8d	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
SE	I-Language
5.0	O
and	O
postgreSQL	B-Application
8.2.3	O
are	O
utilized	O
,	O
but	O
these	O
can	O
be	O
different	O
as	O
updates	O
occur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
the	O
open-source	O
tools	O
,	O
the	O
Icom	O
proprietary	O
dsipsvd	O
or	O
"	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
IP	O
Service	O
Daemon	O
"	O
and	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
crontab	B-General_Concept
entries	O
utilize	O
a	O
mixture	O
of	O
the	O
local	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
and	O
BIND	B-Protocol
servers	O
to	O
look	O
up	O
callsigns	O
and	O
"	O
pcname	O
"	O
fields	O
(	O
stored	O
in	O
BIND	B-Protocol
)	O
which	O
are	O
mapped	O
to	O
individual	O
10.x.x.x	O
internal-only	O
addresses	O
for	O
routing	B-Protocol
of	O
both	O
voice	O
and	O
data	O
traffic	O
between	O
participating	O
gateways	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
installation	O
,	O
the	O
Gateway	B-Application
2.0	O
software	O
installation	O
script	B-Language
builds	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
Web-based	O
open-source	O
tools	O
from	O
source	O
for	O
standardization	O
purposes	O
,	O
while	O
utilizing	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
packages	O
of	O
the	O
host	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
system	O
,	O
thus	O
making	O
CentOS	O
5.1	O
the	O
common	O
way	O
to	O
deploy	O
a	O
system	O
,	O
to	O
keep	O
incompatibilities	O
from	O
occurring	O
in	O
both	O
package	B-Application
versions	O
and	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
gateways	B-Application
operating	O
on	O
the	O
U.S.	O
trust	O
server	O
are	O
asked	O
during	O
initial	O
setup	O
to	O
install	O
DStarMonitor	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
add-on	O
tool	O
that	O
allows	O
the	O
overall	O
system	O
administrators	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
each	O
Gateway	B-Application
's	O
local	O
clock	O
and	O
other	O
processes	O
and	O
PIDs	O
needed	O
for	O
normal	O
system	O
operation	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
sends	O
traffic	O
and	O
other	O
data	O
to	O
servers	O
operated	O
under	O
the	O
domain	O
name	O
of	O
"	O
dstarusers.org	O
 "	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Installation	O
of	O
this	O
software	O
also	O
includes	O
JavaAPRSd	O
,	O
a	O
Java-based	O
APRS	B-Application
interface	O
which	O
is	O
utilized	O
on	O
Gateway	B-Application
2.0	O
systems	O
to	O
interface	O
between	O
the	O
Icom/D	O
-STAR	O
GPS	O
tracking	O
system	O
called	O
DPRS	O
to	O
the	O
more	O
widely	O
known	O
and	O
utilized	O
amateur	O
radio	O
APRS	B-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
participating	O
amateur	O
station	O
wanting	O
to	O
use	O
repeaters/gateways	O
attached	O
to	O
a	O
particular	O
trust	O
server	O
domain	O
must	O
"	O
register	O
"	O
with	O
a	O
gateway	B-Application
as	O
their	O
"	O
home	O
"	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
populates	O
their	O
information	O
into	O
the	O
trust	O
server	O
—	O
a	O
specialized	O
central	O
gateway	B-Application
system	O
—	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
lookups	B-Data_Structure
across	O
a	O
particular	O
trust	O
server	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
amateur	O
is	O
set	O
aside	O
eight	O
10.x.x.x	O
internal	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
for	O
use	O
with	O
their	O
callsign	O
or	O
radios	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
naming	O
conventions	O
are	O
available	O
to	O
utilize	O
these	O
addresses	O
if	O
needed	O
for	O
specialized	O
callsign	O
routing	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
amateurs	O
will	O
need	O
only	O
a	O
handful	O
of	O
these	O
"	O
registered	O
"	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
,	O
because	O
the	O
system	O
maps	O
these	O
to	O
callsigns	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
callsign	O
can	O
be	O
entered	O
into	O
multiple	O
radios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
gateway	B-Application
machine	O
controls	O
two	O
network	B-Protocol
interface	I-Protocol
controllers	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
"	O
external	O
"	O
one	O
being	O
on	O
a	O
real	O
10.x.x.x	O
network	O
behind	O
a	O
router	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
router	O
that	O
can	O
perform	O
network	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
translation	I-Protocol
on	O
a	O
single	O
public	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
(	O
can	O
be	O
static	O
or	O
dynamic	O
in	O
Gateway	B-Application
G2	O
systems	O
)	O
to	O
a	O
full	O
10.x.x.x/8	O
network	O
is	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
there	O
,	O
the	O
Gateway	B-Application
has	O
another	O
NIC	O
connected	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeater	O
controller	O
via	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
and	O
the	O
typical	O
configuration	O
is	O
a	O
172.16.x.x	O
(	O
/24	O
)	O
pair	O
of	O
addresses	O
between	O
the	O
gateway	B-Application
and	O
the	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
differences	O
between	O
Gateway	B-Application
V1	O
and	O
V2	O
are	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
(	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
)	O
for	O
more	O
flexibility	O
and	O
control	O
of	O
updates	O
,	O
versus	O
the	O
previous	O
use	O
of	O
only	O
BIND	B-Protocol
for	O
"	O
database	O
"	O
activities	O
,	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
both	O
an	O
administrative	O
and	O
end-user	O
Web	O
interface	O
for	O
registration	O
which	O
was	O
previously	O
handled	O
via	O
command-line	B-Application
commands	O
by	O
the	O
Gateway	B-Application
V1	O
system	O
administrators	O
,	O
dropping	O
the	O
requirement	O
for	O
static	O
public	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
for	O
gateways	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
fully	B-Protocol
qualified	I-Protocol
domain	I-Protocol
name	I-Protocol
to	O
find	O
and	O
communicate	O
with	O
the	O
trust	O
server	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
redundancy/failover	O
options	O
for	O
the	O
trust	O
server	O
administrators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
a	O
feature	O
called	O
"	O
multicast	O
"	O
has	O
been	O
added	O
for	O
administrators	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
provide	O
users	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
"	O
name	O
"	O
they	O
can	O
route	O
calls	O
to	O
which	O
will	O
send	O
their	O
transmissions	O
to	O
up	O
to	O
ten	O
other	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeaters	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
additional	O
feature	O
of	O
Gateway	B-Application
G2	O
is	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
use	O
callsign	O
"	O
suffixes	O
"	O
appended	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
callsign	O
in	O
a	O
similar	O
fashion	O
to	O
the	O
repeaters	O
and	O
gateways	B-Application
in	O
the	O
original	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
allow	O
for	O
direct	O
routing	B-Protocol
to	O
a	O
particular	O
user	O
's	O
radio	O
or	O
between	O
two	O
user	O
radios	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
base	O
callsign	O
,	O
by	O
utilizing	O
the	O
8th	O
most	O
significant	O
field	O
of	O
the	O
callsign	O
and	O
adding	O
a	O
letter	O
to	O
that	O
location	O
,	O
both	O
in	O
the	O
gateway	B-Application
registration	O
process	O
on	O
the	O
web	O
interface	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
radios	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Gateway	B-Application
V1	O
software	O
was	O
similar	O
to	O
Gateway	B-Application
G2	O
,	O
and	O
utilized	O
Fedora	O
Core	O
2+	O
or	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
9+	O
OS	O
on	O
a	O
Pentium-grade	O
2.4GHz	O
or	O
faster	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gateway	B-Application
software	O
developed	O
by	O
Jonathan	O
Naylor	O
,	O
G4KLX	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
larger	O
network	O
of	O
repeaters	O
and	O
users	O
and	O
is	O
being	O
adopted	O
by	O
former	O
Gateway	B-Application
G2	O
users	O
as	O
the	O
G2	O
system	O
is	O
closed	O
source	O
,	O
only	O
supports	O
Icom	O
repeaters	O
,	O
and	O
runs	O
on	O
Centos	O
5.x	O
which	O
will	O
reach	O
end	O
of	O
life	O
in	O
March	O
2017	O
.	O
ircDDBGateway	O
operates	O
on	O
the	O
ircDDB	O
and	O
QuadNet2	O
networks	O
and	O
is	O
licensed	O
under	O
GPL-2.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
more	O
linking	O
and	O
routing	B-Protocol
options	O
over	O
the	O
Gateway	B-Application
V1	O
and	O
G2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ircDDBGateway	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
various	O
distributions	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
requirements	O
can	O
be	O
as	O
simple	O
as	O
a	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
projects	O
exist	O
for	O
gateway	B-Application
administrators	O
to	O
add	O
"	O
add-on	O
"	O
software	O
to	O
their	O
gateways	B-Application
,	O
including	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
package	B-Application
called	O
"	O
dplus	O
"	O
created	O
by	O
Robin	O
Cutshaw	O
AA4RC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
Gateway	B-Application
2.0	O
systems	O
are	O
offering	O
services	O
added	O
by	O
this	O
software	B-Application
package	I-Application
to	O
their	O
end-users	O
,	O
and	O
users	O
are	O
getting	O
used	O
to	O
having	O
these	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Features	O
include	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
link	O
systems	O
directly	O
,	O
"	O
voice	O
mail	O
"	O
(	O
a	O
single	O
inbox	O
today	O
)	O
,	O
ability	O
to	O
play/record	O
audio	O
to	O
and	O
from	O
the	O
repeaters	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Gateway	B-Application
and	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
DV-Dongle	O
users	O
to	O
communicate	O
from	O
the	O
Internet	O
to	O
the	O
radio	O
users	O
on	O
the	O
repeaters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
often	O
a	O
misconception	O
by	O
users	O
and	O
system	O
administrators	O
alike	O
that	O
the	O
Gateway	B-Application
2.0	O
systems	O
have	O
these	O
add-on	O
features	O
from	O
dplus	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
a	O
testament	O
to	O
the	O
popularity	O
of	O
this	O
add-on	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dplus	O
software	O
development	O
has	O
an	O
active	O
following	O
,	O
and	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
multiple	O
repeater/system	O
connections	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
linking	O
done	O
by	O
other	O
popular	O
repeater-linking	O
systems	O
(	O
IRLP	O
and	O
EchoLink	B-Protocol
)	O
are	O
being	O
worked	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
other	O
commercial	O
digital	O
modes	O
(	O
P25	O
,	O
TETRA	O
,	O
DMR	O
,	O
dPMR	O
,	O
NXDN	O
,	O
System	O
Fusion	O
)	O
,	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
uses	O
a	O
closed-source	O
proprietary	O
voice	O
codec	O
(	O
AMBE	B-Language
)	O
that	O
's	O
patented	O
by	O
Digital	O
Voice	O
Systems	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
DVSI	O
)	O
because	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
highest	O
quality	O
and	O
only	O
codec	O
available	O
in	O
silicon	O
when	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critics	O
say	O
the	O
proprietary	O
nature	O
of	O
AMBE	B-Language
and	O
its	O
availability	O
only	O
in	O
hardware	O
form	O
(	O
as	O
ICs	O
)	O
discourages	O
innovation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
critics	O
praise	O
the	O
openness	O
of	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
standard	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
implemented	O
freely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
many	O
protestations	O
from	O
the	O
Pro-D-STAR	O
lobby	O
that	O
the	O
standard	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
JARL	O
and	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
is	O
not	O
only	O
an	O
Icom	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
mark	O
'	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
'	O
is	O
itself	O
a	O
registered	O
trademark	O
of	O
Icom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
does	O
hold	O
a	O
trademark	O
for	O
its	O
stylized	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
logo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
indication	O
Icom	O
is	O
charging	O
other	O
vendors	O
to	O
use	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
branding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D-STAR	B-Protocol
,	O
like	O
any	O
digital	O
voice	O
mode	O
has	O
comparable	O
usable	O
range	O
to	O
FM	B-Application
,	O
but	O
it	O
degrades	O
differently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
FM	B-Application
progressively	O
degrades	O
the	O
further	O
a	O
user	O
moves	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
source	O
,	O
digital	O
voice	O
maintains	O
a	O
constant	O
voice	O
quality	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
point	O
,	O
then	O
essentially	O
"	O
falls	O
off	O
a	O
cliff	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
advanced	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
features	O
rely	O
on	O
internet	O
connections	O
although	O
simplex	O
,	O
repeated	O
and	O
crossband	O
gateway	B-Application
voice	O
and	O
data	O
communications	O
do	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
widespread	O
disasters	O
that	O
compromise	O
commercial	O
telecommunications	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
systems	O
(	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
modes	O
that	O
rely	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
)	O
may	O
suffer	O
outages	O
or	O
feature	O
degradation	O
that	O
impacts	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Without	O
simulating	O
such	O
outages	O
during	O
drills	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
difficult	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
or	O
establish	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
service	O
recovery	O
procedures	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
such	O
failures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
the	O
fall	O
of	O
2011	O
,	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
almost	O
no	O
discussion	O
in	O
the	O
ham	O
radio	O
literature	O
regarding	O
actual	O
drills	O
where	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
systems	O
were	O
tested	O
with	O
completely	O
failed	O
or	O
even	O
intermittent	O
telecommunications	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
loss	O
of	O
Internet	O
does	O
not	O
degrade	O
the	O
local	O
operation	O
of	O
a	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeater	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
the	O
Internet	O
linking	O
and	O
routing	B-Protocol
of	O
traffic	O
may	O
be	O
degraded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Icom	O
's	O
radio	O
line	O
,	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
does	O
significantly	O
add	O
to	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
a	O
radio	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
barrier	O
to	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
a	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
radio	O
was	O
compared	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
standard	O
analog	O
radio	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
price	O
difference	O
was	O
nearly	O
double	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
capable	O
radios	O
also	O
cost	O
more	O
than	O
their	O
equivalents	O
from	O
other	O
brands	O
,	O
even	O
before	O
the	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
options	O
boards	O
are	O
added	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
as	O
of	O
April	O
2011	O
,	O
Martin	O
Lynch	O
&	O
Sons	O
 '	O
website	O
lists	O
the	O
Icom	O
2820	O
(	O
without	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
)	O
at	O
£489	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
equivalent	O
Yaesu	O
,	O
the	O
FT8800	O
,	O
is	O
listed	O
at	O
just	O
£337	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FlexRadio	O
Systems	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
implementation	O
requires	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
$129	O
add-on	O
module	O
to	O
their	O
FLEX-6000	O
Series	O
Radios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
uses	O
AMBE	B-Language
,	O
a	O
non	O
public	O
codec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
French	O
regulators	O
,	O
in	O
April	O
2010	O
,	O
have	O
issued	O
a	O
statement	O
that	O
rules	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
illegal	O
in	O
France	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
connection	O
to	O
the	O
internet	O
with	O
it	O
and	O
the	O
proprietary	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
codec	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
non-Icom	O
D-Star	B-Protocol
repeater	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
KB9KHM	O
using	O
a	O
GMSK	O
Node	O
Adaptor	O
developed	O
by	O
Satoshi	O
Yasuda	O
and	O
DVAR	O
Hotspot	O
software	O
developed	O
by	O
KB9KHM	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
repeater	O
could	O
link	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
with	O
other	O
Icom	O
repeater	O
gateways	B-Application
and	O
Reflectors	O
via	O
D-Plus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
did	O
not	O
support	O
callsign	O
routing	B-Protocol
or	O
slash	O
routing	B-Protocol
via	O
the	O
K5TIT	O
G2	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
non-Icom	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeater	O
fully	O
supporting	O
the	O
K5TIT	O
G2	O
network	O
and	O
D-Plus	O
,	O
GB7MH	O
,	O
went	O
live	O
on	O
10	O
September	O
2009	O
,	O
in	O
West	O
Sussex	O
,	O
England	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
the	O
usual	O
G2	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
callsign	O
routing	B-Protocol
,	O
D-Plus	O
linkage	O
and	O
DPRS	O
via	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
Monitor	O
are	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
a	O
home-brewed	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeater	O
can	O
be	O
built	O
using	O
open	O
source	O
software	O
,	O
used	O
commercial	O
radio	O
equipment	O
and	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
group	O
advocating	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
home-brewed	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeaters	O
is	O
Free-Star	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Web-based	O
text	O
messaging	O
application	O
using	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
digital	O
data	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D-StarLet	O
interfaces	O
with	O
a	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
radio	O
through	O
the	O
serial	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
works	O
with	O
Windows	O
(	O
98+	O
)	O
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
(	O
Red	O
Hat	O
7.3	O
+	O
)	O
,	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Mac	I-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Java	O
application	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
repeater	O
gateway	B-Application
PC	O
which	O
logs	O
activity	O
on	O
the	O
attached	O
repeaters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
features	O
include	O
APRS	B-Application
object	O
representation	O
of	O
each	O
repeater	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DStarQuery	O
monitors	O
the	O
low-speed	O
data	O
stream	O
of	O
a	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
radio	O
looking	O
for	O
queries	O
sent	O
from	O
a	O
remote	O
station	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
advanced	O
software	O
application	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
enabled	O
radios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supports	O
advanced	O
text	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
,	O
personal	O
messaging	O
with	O
auto-reply	O
and	O
inbox	O
,	O
e-mail	B-Protocol
gateway	I-Protocol
and	O
a	O
beacon	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
features	O
are	O
added	O
weekly	O
and	O
users	O
can	O
suggest	O
new	O
features	O
through	O
the	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
Comms	O
forum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Slow	O
Scan	O
TV	O
for	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
radios	O
and	O
video	O
streaming	O
for	O
Icom	O
ID-1	O
by	O
GM7HHB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D-RATS	O
is	O
a	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
communications	O
tool	O
that	O
supports	O
text	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
,	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
forwarding	O
,	O
file	B-Protocol
transfers	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
can	O
act	O
as	O
an	O
e-mail	B-Protocol
gateway	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
map	O
user	O
's	O
positions	O
using	O
the	O
D’PRS	O
function	O
of	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
Python/GTK	O
and	O
is	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
runs	O
on	O
Windows	O
,	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
D-STAR	B-Protocol
is	O
able	O
to	O
send	O
data	O
to	O
emergency	O
responders	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
a	O
disaster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Voice	O
and	O
even	O
CW	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
getting	O
a	O
message	O
through	O
albeit	O
slowly	O
,	O
but	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
can	O
transfer	O
documents	O
,	O
images	O
,	O
and	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
Great	O
Coastal	O
Gale	O
of	O
2007	O
the	O
Washington	O
County	O
ARES	O
group	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
test	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
during	O
this	O
series	O
of	O
several	O
strong	O
Pacific	O
storms	O
that	O
interrupted	O
conventional	O
communication	O
systems	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
one	O
week	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Primary	O
emergency	O
traffic	O
for	O
the	O
American	O
Red	O
Cross	O
and	O
the	O
Vernonia	O
,	O
Oregon	O
Fire	O
Department	O
was	O
handled	O
by	O
the	O
group	O
using	O
traditional	O
FM	B-Application
voice	O
because	O
the	O
group	O
had	O
no	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeater	O
equipment	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
situation	O
's	O
communication	O
needs	O
became	O
established	O
the	O
D*Chat	O
messaging	O
function	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
send	O
small	O
text	O
transmissions	O
via	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
simplex	O
at	O
distances	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
seventeen	O
miles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
D*Chat	O
was	O
a	O
useful	O
means	O
of	O
communication	O
D-RATS	O
was	O
developed	O
to	O
help	O
fill	O
the	O
gaps	O
that	O
may	O
have	O
been	O
lacking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
improvement	O
over	O
D*Chat	O
that	O
D-RATS	O
provides	O
is	O
form	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
presumed	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
radio	O
including	O
pictures	O
and	O
diagrams	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
at	O
com	O
's	O
Digital	O
Voice	O
Transceiver	O
Project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
this	O
project	O
some	O
VHF/UHF/SHF	O
amateur	O
radio	O
transceivers	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
being	O
adapted	O
for	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
requires	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
receiver	O
's	O
discriminator	O
and	O
to	O
the	O
direct	O
FM	B-Application
modulator	O
of	O
the	O
radio	O
,	O
sometimes	O
available	O
at	O
a	O
9600	O
bit/s	O
packet	B-Protocol
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
this	O
also	O
includes	O
D-Star	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
third-party	O
decoders	O
available	O
,	O
either	O
for	O
the	O
protocol	O
data	O
and	O
for	O
the	O
digital	O
speech	O
content	O
,	O
but	O
legal	O
conflicts	O
with	O
the	O
patented	O
AMBE	B-Language
vocoder	O
may	O
exist	O
in	O
some	O
jurisdictions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reception	O
done	O
by	O
a	O
Software	O
Defined	O
Radio	O
and	O
decoding	O
of	O
the	O
D-Star	B-Protocol
header	O
information	O
done	O
by	O
the	O
program	O
dstar.exe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GMSK	O
Node	O
Adapter	O
-	O
these	O
devices	O
are	O
hardware	O
GMSK	O
modems	O
with	O
firmware	O
to	O
take	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
protocol	O
frames	O
over	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
cable	O
and	O
provide	O
the	O
necessary	O
logic	O
and	O
GMSK	O
modulation	O
to	O
control	O
a	O
simplex	O
node	O
or	O
a	O
full	O
duplex	O
repeater	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
repeater	O
system	O
using	O
this	O
technique	O
is	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
to	O
the	O
Yaesu	O
DR-1X	O
repeater	O
by	O
attaching	O
the	O
UDRC	O
and	O
a	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transceivers	O
—	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
and	O
Analog	B-Application
FM	I-Application
Capable	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-1	O
:	O
23cm	B-Algorithm
digital	O
voice	O
and	O
digital	O
data	O
mobile	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
is	O
selectable	O
at	O
1	O
W	O
or	O
10	O
W	O
.	O
USB	B-Protocol
control	O
port	O
and	O
Ethernet	O
connection	O
for	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-2820H/IC	O
-E2820	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
twin	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
mobile	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
be	O
purchased	O
with	O
or	O
without	O
UT-123	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
module	O
includes	O
a	O
built-in	O
GPS	O
receiver	O
with	O
accompanying	O
antenna	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-31	O
and	O
ID-31A	O
:	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
digital	O
voice	O
hand	O
held	O
transceiver	O
(	O
5W	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-51	O
and	O
ID-51A	O
:	O
2m	O
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
dual	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
hand	O
held	O
transceiver	O
(	O
5W	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Includes	O
a	O
built-in	O
GPS	O
receiver	O
and	O
DSTAR	B-Protocol
repeater	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
reception	O
of	O
broadcast	O
FM	B-Application
,	O
AM	O
,	O
and	O
shortwave	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-51	O
Anniversary	O
Edition	O
and	O
ID-51A	O
Plus	O
:	O
2m	O
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
dual	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
hand	O
held	O
transceiver	O
(	O
5W	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Identical	O
to	O
ID-51A	O
but	O
adds	O
FM	B-Application
repeater	O
directory	O
and	O
higher	O
speed	O
(	O
3600	O
bit/s	O
)	O
DV	O
data	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-705	O
:	O
HF/VHF/UHF	O
5w/10w	O
Users	O
can	O
enjoy	O
the	O
latest	O
G3	O
Gateway	B-Application
and	O
DV	O
mode	O
features	O
and	O
have	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
network	O
with	O
Terminal/Access	O
point	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-800H	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
dual	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
mobile	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
up	O
to	O
55	O
W	O
on	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
and	O
50	O
W	O
on	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-880H	O
:	O
3rd	O
gen	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
digital	O
voice	O
mobile	O
transceiver	O
(	O
50W	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-80AD	O
:	O
3rd	O
gen	O
2m	O
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
digital	O
voice	O
hand	O
held	O
transceiver	O
(	O
5W	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-92AD	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
twin	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
hand	O
held	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-91AD/IC	O
-E91	O
+	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
twin	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
hand	O
held	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-905	O
:	O
VHF/UHF/SHF	O
transceiver	O
announced	O
recently	O
by	O
ICOM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-2200H	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
single	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
mobile	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
up	O
to	O
65	O
W	O
.	O
Must	O
purchase	O
optional	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-V82	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
single	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
hand	O
held	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
up	O
to	O
7	O
W	O
.	O
Must	O
purchase	O
optional	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-U82	O
:	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
single	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
hand	O
held	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
up	O
to	O
5	O
W	O
.	O
Must	O
purchase	O
optional	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-9100	O
:	O
HF/VHF/UHF	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Must	O
purchase	O
optional	O
UT-121	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-9700	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
/	O
23cm	B-Algorithm
All	O
Mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-7100	O
:	O
HF/VHF/UHF	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Includes	O
built-in	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
capability	O
and	O
monochrome	O
touchscreen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-4100A	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
twin	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
mobile	O
transceiver	O
with	O
monochrome	O
touchscreen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-5100	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
twin	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
mobile	O
transceiver	O
with	O
monochrome	O
touchscreen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Includes	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
module	O
standard	O
with	O
GPS	O
receiver	O
and	O
antenna	O
in	O
the	O
head	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
IC-R2500	O
:	O
HF/VHF/UHF/SHF	O
receiver/scanner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Must	O
purchase	O
optional	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-RP2000V	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
digital	O
voice	O
repeater	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-RP4000V	O
:	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
digital	O
voice	O
repeater	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-RP2V	O
:	O
23cm	B-Algorithm
digital	O
voice	O
repeater	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Icom	O
ID-RP2D	O
:	O
23cm	B-Algorithm
digital	O
data	O
access	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Required	O
to	O
operate	O
any	O
Icom	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
digital	O
voice	O
repeater	O
or	O
digital	O
data	O
access	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transceivers	O
—	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
,	O
CODEC2	O
,	O
Analog	B-Application
FM	I-Application
Capable	O
and	O
all	O
mode	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
FLEX-6700	O
:	O
HF-2m	O
all	O
mode	O
including	O
digital	O
voice	O
transceiver	O
(	O
8	O
receivers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
is	O
selectable	O
from	O
1	O
W	O
to	O
100	O
W	O
.	O
Open	O
API	O
including	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FLEX-6500	O
:	O
HF-4m	O
all	O
mode	O
including	O
digital	O
voice	O
transceiver	O
(	O
4	O
receivers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
is	O
selectable	O
from	O
1	O
W	O
to	O
100	O
W	O
.	O
Open	O
API	O
including	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FLEX-6300	O
:	O
HF-6m	O
all	O
mode	O
including	O
digital	O
voice	O
transceiver	O
(	O
2	O
receivers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power	O
is	O
selectable	O
from	O
1	O
W	O
to	O
100	O
W	O
.	O
Open	O
API	O
including	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FLEX-6700R	O
:	O
HF-2m	O
all	O
mode	O
including	O
digital	O
voice	O
receiver	O
(	O
8	O
receivers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	O
API	O
including	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kenwood	O
TH-D74E	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
dual	O
band	O
handheld	O
with	O
digital	O
voice	O
and	O
APRS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kenwood	O
TH-D74A	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
1.25	O
m	O
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
tri	O
band	O
handheld	O
with	O
digital	O
voice	O
and	O
APRS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kenwood	O
TMW-706S	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
dual	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
mobile	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kenwood	O
TMW-706	O
:	O
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
/	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
dual	O
band	O
digital	O
voice	O
mobile	O
transceiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DV-Dongle	O
:	O
The	O
dongle	O
is	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
device	I-Protocol
with	O
the	O
AMBE	B-Language
codec	O
built	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amateurs	O
can	O
use	O
this	O
with	O
a	O
personal	O
computer	O
's	O
audio	O
system	O
to	O
communicate	O
over	O
the	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
an	O
option	O
for	O
using	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
if	O
there	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
local	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeater	O
or	O
if	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
repeater	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
associated	O
with	O
an	O
Internet	B-Application
gateway	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dongle	O
works	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
DVTOOL	O
software	O
,	O
a	O
simple	O
application	O
that	O
mimics	O
the	O
controls	O
on	O
a	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
radio	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
interface	O
does	O
not	O
actually	O
look	O
like	O
a	O
radio	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DV-AP	O
:	O
A	O
DVAP	O
Dongle	O
(	O
DV	O
Access	O
Point	O
Dongle	O
)	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
device	I-Protocol
that	O
creates	O
a	O
connection	O
to	O
the	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
network	O
through	O
an	O
Internet	O
connected	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
instead	O
of	O
using	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
audio	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
DVAP	O
Dongle	O
has	O
an	O
antenna	O
and	O
a	O
10mW	O
two-meter	O
transceiver	O
that	O
provides	O
short-range	O
over-the-air	O
access	O
using	O
a	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
radio	O
(	O
usually	O
a	O
handheld	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
a	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
radio	O
is	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DVAP	O
does	O
not	O
convert	O
an	O
analog	B-Application
FM	I-Application
signal	O
to	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
ThumbDV	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
DV	O
USB	B-Protocol
is	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
device	I-Protocol
with	O
the	O
AMBE	B-Language
codec	O
built	O
in	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amateurs	O
can	O
use	O
this	O
with	O
a	O
personal	O
computer	O
's	O
audio	O
system	O
to	O
communicate	O
over	O
the	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
an	O
option	O
for	O
using	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
if	O
there	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
local	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
repeater	O
with	O
a	O
gateway	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Manufacturers	O
of	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
equipment	O
Manufacturer	O
Radio(s )	O
Repeater(s )	O
More	O
Information	O
AOR	O
AR-DV1	O
and	O
AR-DV10	O
Receiver	O
No	O
Wide	O
band	O
receiver	O
(	O
100	O
kHz	O
-	O
1300	O
MHz	O
)	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
multiple	O
digital	O
voice	O
modes	O
DV-RPTR	O
Node	O
adapter	O
&	O
Hotspot	O
Yes	O
Open	O
Source	O
hardware	O
and	O
firmware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVMEGA	O
Dualband	O
Radio	O
Hotspot	O
&	O
GMSK	O
Node	O
Adaptor	O
Yes	O
Hotspot	O
and	O
GMSK	O
Node	O
Adaptors	O
give	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
users	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
reflector	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FlexRadio	O
Systems	O
Yes	O
No	O
(	O
FLEX-6700	O
,	O
FLEX-6500	O
,	O
FLEX-6300	O
,	O
FLEX-6700R	O
)	O
Icom	O
Yes	O
Yes	O
(	O
ID-1	O
,	O
ID-800H	O
,	O
ID-880H	O
,	O
IC-2200H	O
,	O
IC-2820H	O
,	O
IC-705	O
,	O
IC-80D	O
,	O
IC-91AD	O
,	O
IC-92AD	O
,	O
ID-RP2000V	O
,	O
ID-RP4000V	O
,	O
ID-31A	O
,	O
ID-51A	O
,	O
ID-52	O
,	O
IC-7100	O
,	O
IC-9100	O
,	O
IC-9700	O
,	O
ID-5100A	O
)	O
Kenwood	O
Yes	O
Yes	O
(	O
TH-D74	O
)	O
MicroWalt	O
Corporation	O
DUTCH*Star	O
Mini	O
Hotspot	O
&	O
Node	O
Adaptor	O
Yes	O
Hotspot	O
/	O
Node	O
Adaptors	O
give	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
users	O
access	O
to	O
remote	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
systems	O
using	O
over-the-air	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NW	O
Digital	O
Radio	O
ThumbDV	O
and	O
PiDV	O
AMBE	B-Language
decoders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UDRC	O
and	O
UDRC	O
II	O
(	O
Universal	O
Digital	O
Radio	O
Controller	O
)	O
which	O
adds	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
to	O
the	O
Yaesu	O
DR-1X	O
repeater	O
or	O
homebrew	O
hotspots	O
and	O
repeaters	O
No	O
ThumbDV	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
DV	O
USB	B-Protocol
(	O
AMBE	B-Language
decoder	O
in	O
thumb	O
drive	O
)	O
and	O
D-STAR	B-Protocol
DV	O
add	O
on	O
card	O
for	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
UDRC	O
and	O
UDRC	O
II	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
hat	O
sound	O
card	O
and	O
controller	O
for	O
digital	O
radio	O
repeaters	O
and	O
hotspots	O
.	O
</s>
