<s>
The	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
,	O
also	O
called	O
the	O
Jefferson	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
or	O
the	O
greatest	O
divisors	O
method	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
method	O
for	O
allocating	O
seats	O
in	O
parliaments	O
among	O
federal	O
states	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
party-list	O
proportional	O
representation	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
belongs	O
to	O
the	O
class	O
of	O
highest-averages	B-Algorithm
methods	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
several	O
methods	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
is	O
one	O
,	O
have	O
been	O
devised	O
which	O
ensure	O
that	O
the	O
parties	O
 '	O
seat	O
allocations	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
of	O
whole	O
numbers	O
,	O
are	O
as	O
proportional	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
minimizes	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
votes	O
that	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
left	O
aside	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
remaining	O
votes	O
are	O
represented	O
exactly	O
proportionally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
(	O
and	O
methods	O
equivalent	O
to	O
it	O
)	O
minimizes	O
this	O
disproportionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Empirical	O
studies	O
based	O
on	O
other	O
,	O
more	O
popular	O
concepts	O
of	O
disproportionality	O
show	O
that	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
least	O
proportional	O
among	O
the	O
proportional	O
representation	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
comparison	O
,	O
the	O
Sainte-Laguë	B-Architecture
method	I-Architecture
,	O
a	O
different	O
divisor	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
,	O
reduces	O
the	O
reward	O
to	O
large	O
parties	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
generally	O
has	O
benefited	O
middle-size	O
parties	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
both	O
large	O
and	O
small	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
axiomatic	O
properties	O
of	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
were	O
studied	O
and	O
they	O
proved	O
that	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
unique	O
consistent	O
,	O
monotone	O
,	O
stable	O
,	O
and	O
balanced	O
method	O
that	O
encourages	O
coalitions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
coalition	O
encouragement	O
of	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
,	O
any	O
alliance	O
cannot	O
lose	O
the	O
seat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
to	O
elect	O
the	O
legislatures	O
in	O
Åland	O
,	O
Albania	O
,	O
Angola	O
,	O
Argentina	O
,	O
Armenia	O
,	O
Aruba	O
,	O
Austria	O
,	O
Belgium	O
,	O
Bolivia	O
,	O
Brazil	O
,	O
Burundi	O
,	O
Cambodia	O
,	O
Cape	O
Verde	O
,	O
Chile	O
,	O
Colombia	O
,	O
Croatia	O
,	O
Denmark	O
,	O
the	O
Dominican	O
Republic	O
,	O
East	O
Timor	O
,	O
Ecuador	O
,	O
Estonia	O
,	O
Fiji	B-Language
,	O
Finland	O
,	O
Greenland	O
,	O
Guatemala	O
,	O
Hungary	O
(	O
in	O
a	O
mixed	O
system	O
)	O
,	O
Iceland	O
,	O
Israel	O
,	O
Italy	O
(	O
in	O
a	O
mixed	O
system	O
)	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
Luxembourg	O
,	O
Moldova	O
,	O
Monaco	B-Application
,	O
Montenegro	O
,	O
Mozambique	O
,	O
Netherlands	O
,	O
Nicaragua	O
,	O
North	O
Macedonia	O
,	O
Paraguay	O
,	O
Peru	O
,	O
Poland	O
,	O
Portugal	O
,	O
Romania	O
,	O
San	O
Marino	O
,	O
Serbia	O
,	O
Slovenia	O
,	O
Spain	O
,	O
Switzerland	B-Protocol
,	O
Turkey	O
,	O
Uruguay	O
and	O
Venezuela	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
approximates	O
proportionality	O
by	O
minimizing	O
the	O
largest	O
seats-to-votes	O
ratio	O
among	O
all	O
parties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
the	O
average	O
seats-to-votes	O
ratio	O
is	O
optimized	O
by	O
the	O
Webster/Sainte	B-Architecture
-Laguë	I-Architecture
method	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
assigns	O
seats	O
so	O
that	O
this	O
ratio	O
attains	O
its	O
smallest	O
possible	O
value	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Thanks	O
to	O
this	O
,	O
as	O
shown	O
by	O
Juraj	O
Medzihorsky	O
,	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
splits	O
the	O
votes	O
into	O
exactly	O
proportionally	O
represented	O
ones	O
and	O
residual	O
ones	O
,	O
minimizing	O
the	O
overall	O
amount	O
of	O
the	O
residuals	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Jefferson	O
and	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
methods	I-Algorithm
are	O
equivalent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ten	O
days	O
after	O
the	O
veto	O
,	O
Congress	O
passed	O
a	O
new	O
method	O
of	O
apportionment	O
,	O
now	O
known	O
as	O
Jefferson	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
Method	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jefferson	B-Algorithm
's	I-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
uses	O
a	O
quota	O
(	O
called	O
a	O
divisor	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
largest	B-Algorithm
remainder	I-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
number	O
in	O
one	O
range	O
of	O
quotas	O
will	O
accomplish	O
this	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
highest	O
number	O
in	O
the	O
range	O
always	O
being	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
the	O
lowest	O
number	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
to	O
award	O
a	O
seat	O
(	O
if	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
Jefferson	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
lowest	O
number	O
in	O
the	O
range	O
being	O
the	O
smallest	O
number	O
larger	O
than	O
the	O
next	O
number	O
which	O
would	O
award	O
a	O
seat	O
in	O
the	O
D'Hondt	O
calculations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
countries	O
using	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
threshold	O
are	O
Albania	O
(	O
3%	O
for	O
single	O
parties	O
,	O
5%	O
for	O
coalitions	O
of	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
parties	O
,	O
1%	O
for	O
independent	O
individuals	O
)	O
;	O
Denmark	O
(	O
2%	O
)	O
;	O
East	O
Timor	O
,	O
Spain	O
,	O
Serbia	O
,	O
and	O
Montenegro	O
(	O
3%	O
)	O
;	O
Israel	O
(	O
3.25	O
%	O
)	O
;	O
Slovenia	O
and	O
Bulgaria	O
(	O
4%	O
)	O
;	O
Croatia	O
,	O
Fiji	B-Language
,	O
Romania	O
,	O
Russia	O
and	O
Tanzania	O
(	O
5%	O
)	O
;	O
Turkey	O
(	O
7%	O
)	O
;	O
Poland	O
(	O
5%	O
,	O
or	O
8%	O
for	O
coalitions	O
;	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
apply	O
for	O
ethnic-minority	O
parties	O
)	O
,	O
Hungary	O
(	O
5%	O
for	O
single	O
party	O
,	O
10%	O
for	O
two-party	O
coalitions	O
,	O
15%	O
for	O
coalitions	O
of	O
3	O
or	O
more	O
parties	O
)	O
and	O
Belgium	O
(	O
5%	O
,	O
on	O
regional	O
basis	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Estonia	O
,	O
candidates	O
receiving	O
the	O
simple	O
quota	O
in	O
their	O
electoral	O
districts	O
are	O
considered	O
elected	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
(	O
district	O
level	O
)	O
and	O
third	O
round	O
of	O
counting	O
(	O
nationwide	O
,	O
modified	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
)	O
mandates	O
are	O
awarded	O
only	O
to	O
candidate	O
lists	O
receiving	O
more	O
than	O
the	O
threshold	O
of	O
5%	O
of	O
the	O
votes	O
nationally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
seats	O
that	O
are	O
allocated	O
with	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
French	O
municipal	O
and	O
regional	O
elections	O
,	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
to	O
attribute	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
council	O
seats	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
a	O
fixed	O
proportion	O
of	O
them	O
(	O
50%	O
for	O
municipal	O
elections	O
,	O
25%	O
for	O
regional	O
elections	O
)	O
is	O
automatically	O
given	O
to	O
the	O
list	O
with	O
the	O
greatest	O
number	O
of	O
votes	O
,	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
it	O
has	O
a	O
working	O
majority	O
:	O
this	O
is	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
majority	O
bonus	O
"	O
(	O
prime	O
à	O
la	O
majorité	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
the	O
remainder	O
of	O
the	O
seats	O
are	O
distributed	O
proportionally	O
(	O
including	O
to	O
the	O
list	O
which	O
has	O
already	O
received	O
the	O
majority	O
bonus	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
a	O
quota	O
formula	O
to	O
allocate	O
most	O
seats	O
,	O
applying	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
to	O
allocate	O
any	O
remaining	O
seats	O
to	O
get	O
a	O
result	O
identical	O
to	O
that	O
achieved	O
by	O
the	O
standard	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
formula	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
election	O
of	O
Legislative	O
Assembly	O
of	O
Macau	O
,	O
a	O
modified	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
modified	O
D'Hondt	O
"	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
given	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
additional	O
member	O
system	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
Scottish	O
Parliament	O
,	O
Senedd	O
(	O
Welsh	O
Parliament	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
London	O
Assembly	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
after	O
constituency	O
seats	O
have	O
been	O
allocated	O
to	O
parties	O
by	O
first-past-the-post	O
,	O
D'Hondt	O
is	O
applied	O
for	O
the	O
allocation	O
of	O
list	O
seats	O
,	O
taking	O
into	O
account	O
for	O
each	O
party	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
constituency	O
seats	O
it	O
has	O
won	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electoral	O
system	O
consisted	O
of	O
the	O
d'Hondt	B-Algorithm
system	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
Australian	O
Senate	O
system	O
of	O
proportional	O
representation	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
methods	O
for	O
preferential	O
voting	O
for	O
candidates	O
and	O
parties	O
,	O
both	O
within	O
and	O
across	O
party	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABC	O
elections	O
analyst	O
Antony	O
Green	O
has	O
described	O
the	O
modified	O
d'Hondt	B-Algorithm
system	I-Algorithm
used	O
in	O
the	O
ACT	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
monster	O
...	O
that	O
few	O
understood	O
,	O
even	O
electoral	O
officials	O
who	O
had	O
to	O
wrestle	O
with	O
its	O
intricacies	O
while	O
spending	O
several	O
weeks	O
counting	O
the	O
votes	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
's	O
fault	O
but	O
rather	O
the	O
division	O
between	O
regions	O
,	O
at	O
it	O
happens	O
with	O
first-past-the-post	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
then	O
,	O
D'Hondt	B-Algorithm
method	I-Algorithm
is	O
fairer	O
than	O
first-past-the-post	O
.	O
</s>
