<s>
Cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
is	O
endoscopy	B-Application
of	O
the	O
urinary	O
bladder	O
via	O
the	O
urethra	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
carried	O
out	O
with	O
a	O
cystoscope	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cystoscope	B-Algorithm
has	O
lenses	O
like	O
a	O
telescope	O
or	O
microscope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cystoscopes	B-Algorithm
use	O
optical	B-Architecture
fibres	I-Architecture
(	O
flexible	O
glass	O
fibres	O
)	O
that	O
carry	O
an	O
image	O
from	O
the	O
tip	O
of	O
the	O
instrument	O
to	O
a	O
viewing	O
piece	O
at	O
the	O
other	O
end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cystoscopes	B-Algorithm
range	O
from	O
pediatric	O
to	O
adult	O
and	O
from	O
the	O
thickness	O
of	O
a	O
pencil	O
up	O
to	O
approximately	O
9mm	O
and	O
have	O
a	O
light	O
at	O
the	O
tip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
cystoscopes	B-Algorithm
have	O
extra	O
tubes	O
to	O
guide	O
other	O
instruments	O
for	O
surgical	O
procedures	O
to	O
treat	O
urinary	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
main	O
types	O
of	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
—	O
flexible	O
and	O
rigid	B-Algorithm
—	O
differing	O
in	O
the	O
flexibility	O
of	O
the	O
cystoscope	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flexible	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
is	O
carried	O
out	O
with	O
local	O
anaesthesia	O
on	O
both	O
sexes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rigid	B-Algorithm
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
performed	O
under	O
the	O
same	O
conditions	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
generally	O
carried	O
out	O
under	O
general	O
anesthesia	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
male	O
subjects	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
pain	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
probe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sizes	O
of	O
the	O
sheath	O
of	O
the	O
rigid	B-Algorithm
cystoscope	B-Algorithm
are	O
17	O
French	O
gauge	O
(	O
5.7mm	O
diameter	O
)	O
,	O
19	O
Fr	O
gauge	O
(	O
6.3mm	O
diameter	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
22	O
Fr	O
gauge	O
(	O
7.3mm	O
diameter	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
recommended	O
for	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
conditions	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
loss	O
of	O
bladder	O
control	O
(	O
incontinence	O
)	O
or	O
overactive	O
bladder	O
;	O
(	O
Although	O
,	O
the	O
American	O
Urogynecologic	O
Society	O
does	O
not	O
recommend	O
that	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
,	O
urodynamics	O
,	O
or	O
diagnostic	O
renal	O
and	O
bladder	O
ultrasound	O
are	O
part	O
of	O
initial	O
diagnosis	O
for	O
uncomplicated	O
overactive	O
bladder	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
particularly	O
true	O
when	O
undergoing	O
a	O
Rigid	B-Algorithm
Cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
examination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
flexible	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
procedures	O
the	O
patient	O
is	O
almost	O
always	O
alert	O
and	O
a	O
local	O
anesthetic	O
is	O
applied	O
to	O
reduce	O
discomfort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
cases	O
requiring	O
a	O
rigid	B-Algorithm
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
it	O
is	O
not	O
unusual	O
for	O
the	O
patient	O
to	O
be	O
given	O
a	O
general	O
anesthetic	O
,	O
as	O
these	O
can	O
be	O
more	O
uncomfortable	O
,	O
particularly	O
for	O
men	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
physician	O
will	O
gently	O
insert	O
the	O
tip	O
of	O
the	O
cystoscope	B-Algorithm
into	O
the	O
urethra	O
and	O
slowly	O
glide	O
it	O
up	O
into	O
the	O
bladder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
sterile	O
liquid	O
(	O
water	O
,	O
saline	O
,	O
or	O
glycine	O
solution	O
)	O
will	O
flow	O
through	O
the	O
cystoscope	B-Algorithm
to	O
slowly	O
fill	O
the	O
bladder	O
and	O
stretch	O
it	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
physician	O
has	O
a	O
better	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
bladder	O
wall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
time	O
from	O
insertion	O
of	O
the	O
cystoscope	B-Algorithm
to	O
removal	O
may	O
be	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
minutes	O
,	O
or	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
longer	O
if	O
the	O
physician	O
finds	O
a	O
stone	O
and	O
decides	O
to	O
remove	O
it	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
cases	O
where	O
a	O
biopsy	O
is	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
blue	O
light	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
hexyl	O
aminolevulinate	O
hydrochloride	O
is	O
instilling	O
a	O
photosensitizing	O
agent	O
,	O
into	O
the	O
bladder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
blue	O
light	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
contains	O
a	O
light	O
source	O
and	O
light	O
is	O
transmitted	O
through	O
a	O
fluid	O
light	O
cable	O
connected	O
to	O
an	O
endoscope	O
to	O
light	O
up	O
the	O
area	O
to	O
be	O
observed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
blue	O
light	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
non-muscle	O
invasive	O
papillary	O
cancer	O
of	O
the	O
bladder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
many	O
urologists	O
will	O
order	O
a	O
"	O
urine	O
C	O
&	O
S	O
"	O
(	O
urinalysis	O
with	O
bacterial/fungal	O
cultures	O
and	O
testing	O
for	O
sensitivities	O
to	O
anti-infective	O
medications	O
)	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
pre-operative	O
workup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
the	O
testing	O
and	O
other	O
circumstances	O
,	O
he	O
or	O
she	O
may	O
elect	O
to	O
prescribe	O
a	O
10	O
-	O
to	O
14-day	O
course	O
of	O
antibiotic	O
or	O
other	O
anti-infective	O
treatment	O
,	O
commencing	O
3	O
days	O
before	O
the	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
is	O
to	O
be	O
performed	O
,	O
as	O
this	O
may	O
alleviate	O
some	O
inflammation	O
of	O
the	O
urethra	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
procedure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
antibiotics	O
are	O
given	O
for	O
UTI	O
prevention	O
in	O
adults	O
undergoing	O
a	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
,	O
they	O
may	O
reduce	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
infections	O
that	O
go	O
into	O
the	O
bloodstream	O
and	O
infections	O
limited	O
to	O
the	O
bladder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Procedures	O
using	O
rigid	B-Algorithm
instrumentation	O
more	O
frequently	O
result	O
in	O
short-term	O
urinary	O
incontinence	O
and	O
leakage	O
due	O
to	O
urethral	O
damage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
has	O
similar	O
indications	O
in	O
animals	O
,	O
including	O
visualisation	O
and	O
biopsy	O
of	O
mucosa	O
,	O
retrieval	O
or	O
destruction	O
of	O
urinary	O
bladder	O
stones	O
and	O
diagnosis	O
of	O
ectopic	O
ureters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
turtle	O
and	O
tortoises	O
,	O
cystoscopy	B-Algorithm
has	O
additional	O
value	O
as	O
it	O
permits	O
the	O
visualisation	O
of	O
internal	O
organs	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
thin	O
urinary	O
bladder	O
wall	O
.	O
</s>
